It strategy vs business strategy Essay Example for Free

It scheme vs art strategy EssayIn near make-ups IT expenditure is considered as one of the larger if not the largest contributor to capital investment and expenditure. Technology has a signifi back endt effect on the line of work landscape of most organizations and the marketplace place they operate in. The finish of IT as such should be directed toward the alignment of IT strategy with an organizations overall headache strategy (Mulcay, 2001). It is argued though that the inability to successfully derive value from IT investment is, for the most part due to a lack of alignment between IT and origin strategies. Johnson and Scholes cited by Riley (2012) define strategy as follows Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the call for of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations. In unpacking the definition, si mply the business strategy that the business has decided to follow needs accurate configuration of resource human resource, technology resource, financial resource etc., so as to gain war-ridden advantage, meet objectives and stakeholder expectation.Henderson Venkatraman (1999) argue that there is no IT application or system, regardless of how cutting edge or sophisticated it maybe, that will build and sustain a competitive advantage for an organization for a sustained period of time. Organizations, in order to sustain competitive advantage should continuously endeavor to exploit its IT functionality and resource to maintain an advantage. In my opinion this is achieved by out of the box, evolutionary thinking by both business and IT leadership. Furthermore, both business and IT leaders need to understand fully the role that IT can support and re-shape business strategy decisions and remediate IT effectiveness and ultimately improve business performance.SHOULD A COMPANYS IT STR ATEGY FOLLOW ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY OR SHOULD IT LEAD ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY? WHYIn my opinion IT is vary seldom the core business unless of course we mention Microsoft or Google and the like where technology is the primary focus atomic number 18abut it must noted that the actual business action for each is different and intellectual property is what is regarded most valuable. Hence, I agree with (Abate 2009, Henderson Venkatraman 1999, Skriletz 2013) and many other researchers and commentators, that ITs role should be regarded as the enabler or device driver of the business strategy. ITs strategy, investment architecture even projects all need be dictated by overall business strategy, but should be part of process that helps the formation of the overall strategy.IT leaders need to possess the knowledge of new enabling technologies and how these technologies can be integrated into the business. Very often the business strategy is formed and developed in isolation and IT is seen as a support function only, rather than as function that can contribute to forming the strategy itself. IT leaders need to be part of the process that delivers the direction the business chooses to follow. Luftman Brier (1999) echo this sentiment in that just as HR and marketing are important parts of strategy so to should IT. Venkatraman and Henderson (2000) assert that business strategists cannot be seen to take the leading role whilst the IT strategist is seen as a support role. It is lordly both take the lead in designing the business platform. Business and IT strategists working together to shape new business IT is not subordinate to business strategy but an extricate part of it.FACTORS TO CONSIDERTechnology is seen as one of key elements that drive change and transformation. Intelligent use of technology can deliver a competitive advantage, streamline processes create cost efficiencies and optimization for most organizations and as organizations strive for these competitive adv antages and efficiencies it would really not be prudential to exclude the technology people from the process of strategy development as those organizations that do include them, will certainly claim the competitive edge and advantage. no matter of what industry youre in, its hard to think about a businessthat couldnt exploit IT for competitive advantage if they chose to, says Barbara Gomolski, an analyst at Gartner cited in an article by Moore (2011). The industries that read seen growth by aligning IT and business strategy and have used it as a driver and an enabler include the airline industry that has leveraged IT and now allows customers to prevail directly with carriers rather than involving third party agents. The banking industry has really embraced technology with the likes of online banking and transactions, which show true alignment and involvement of IT in business strategy and goal setting. Technology drives their growth.The sentiment shared and one that I agree with is that by including IT in the formulation of business strategy will certainly assist the organization in achieving its goals. The exploitation of technology as a means is key and if you dont necessarily feel that, then I guarantee IT is treated as existence outside of the core business strategy and as a result the organization is not deriving value from one of its most if not the most valuable resources.ReferencesVenkatraman N Henderson JC. 2000 Business platforms for the 21st Century, in Mastering Information Management, edited by DA Marchand, TH Davenport T Dickson. Great Britain Prentice mansion 283-289Mulcay K. 2001 The IT Dilemma. World Trade, 14(4) 48-48.Henderson JC Venkatraman N. 1999 Strategic Alignment Leveraging information technology for transforming organisations. IBM Systems Journal, 38(23) 472-484.Luftman J Brier T. 1999 Achieving and Sustaining Business-IT alignment. California Management Review, 42(1) 109-122.Abate R, (2008) IT should be an enabler to busines s Available online at http//www.information-managem e nt.com/blogs/IT_business-10015571-1.html (Accessed 18 June 2014)Skriletz R (2013) How to make IT a business enabler Available online at http//www.b-eye-network.com/view/16788 (Accessed 18 June 2014)Moore J (2011) Make It part of your Business Strategy Available online at http//www.cnbc.com/id/44818677 (Accessed 18 June 2014)Riley J, (2012) What is strategy Available online at http//tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm (Accessed 18 June 2014)

Realistic Option for Chamberlain in 1938 Essay Example for Free

Realistic Option for Chamberlain in 1938 EssayAsses the view that appeasement was the lonesome(prenominal) realistic woof for Chamberlain in 1938Appeasement was the British external policy adopted by Chamberlain in the wake of World War Two. This policy was seen as cowardice and Chamberlain received huge criticism for maintaining it throughout the passage to war and died with the title of the man who was too coward to stand up to Hitler and his Nazi Germany which led to World War One. Churchill, a very strong opponent of appeasement, notoriously said An appeaser is one who feeds the crocodile hoping it will eat him last1. However it wasnt till the late 1960s that official Government documents on the subject were publically released which created a new view on Chamberlain and appeasement and that it was the only realistic policy for Chamberlain and Britain to pursue.One argument is the view that appeasement was the only realistic option because public belief supported it an d for Chamberlain to lead Britain to war would go against public favour. The First World War savaged europium and Britain was hit very hard in terms of Human losses. Many families lost men within the family and left psychological scars nationwide. Chamberlain was therefore desperate to avoid another war on the unstained at all costs. If Britain was to go to war they would have to rearm and build on their armed forces which had been neglected since world war one.However public opinion was that if Britain was rearming then they would be preparing for war, which was incredible unpopular. Evidence of this was in east Fulham by-election of 1933 the conservative who advocated rearmament turned a majority of 14,000 into a defeat by 5000 at the workforce of his labour approach who supported disarmament. This illustrated the political affect that rearmament and policies that move towards War had which was a reason as to why Chamberlain saw appeasement as the only realistic option.Historia n Howarth exemplifies this in his book by saying chamberlains desire to avoid war matched the anxiety of the British people about being bought into a conflict like that of 1914-19182. Chamberlain wanted to represent and pursue the populations interests, and in going to war he felt that he would have envisioned them incorrectly. When the opportunity ofgoing to war with Germany with the support of Czechoslovakia he stated a quarrel in a faraway country between people of whom we complete nothing3. This insinuated that he was not prepared to risk British lives and go against public opinion for a nation on the other side of Europe of which Britain had not previously been closely tied with. Therefore appeasement was once again the only realistic option.On the other hand it can be argued that Chamberlain was appointed the Prime minister of Britain and should therefore know Britains best interests and should not be influenced by public opinion if it was against Britains security and wellb eing. Chamberlain knew the item far greater than the populace of Britain and should therefore make the best informed termination without being influenced by public opinion. Simon Peaple enforces this by stating newsreels and press reports provided only particular coverage of the crisis, so public opinion on the matter was limited4 . This therefore insinuates that the public did not have a great enough correspondence to influence the decision of a well informed Prime minister.Churchill, Chamberlains biggest opponent in office and biggest critic of appeasement said in one of his tonguees I have been told that the reason why the government has not acted before was that public opinion was not ripe for rearmament. I hope that we shall never accept much(prenominal) a reason as that. The government has been in control of overwhelming majorities in both houses of parliament. There is no vote which would not have been trustworthy wither overwhelming strength5. This speech by Churchill comments that public opinion should not have influenced government foreign affairs nor should they influence a decision to rearm in the interests of national security especially when the Government in power had the vast majority and could have passed any law that was seen as suited for Britain and therefore appeasement was not the only realistic policy in terms of public support.1 Churchill speech2 20th century history 1979 by Howarth3 Chamberlain speech4 European diplomacy 1870-1939 by Simon Peaple5 Churchill speech on public opinion on the 22nd may 1935

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks

Impact of Nitrogen on Carbon Stocks2. Literature ReviewThis chapter testament pass on an overview of the scientific basis behind why adding north will cause an increase in carbon stocks, the impacts of atomic number 7 proof on tree carbon stocks documented in the current literature, the impacts of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon stocks documented in the current literature and information more specifically targeted at the UK and the South Downs.2.1. The global nitrogen cycleThe nitrogen cycle is strongly coupled with the carbon cycle, this dependence on one another and attain feedbacks is illustrated in figure 2. 1. If the availability of one of these elements changes it will affect the biochemical cycle of the other element and eventually the functioning of the entire ecosystem (Gruber Galloway, 2008). Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is a requirement for the egression of plants and soil microorganisms, the processes of both play key roles in the global carbon cycle. The rise in anthropogenic carbonic acid gas has been spy to increase plant photosynthesis and therefore plant growth and carbon storage (Oren et al., 2001). This growth however can be limited by the levels of Nr available in soils (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), hence in Nr poor ecosystems the potential carbon sink could be limited.In some regions it is conceivable that anthropogenic production of Nr could provide the nutrients necessary to make out limitations on plant growth (Ciais et al., 1995). Prior to the industrial revolution reactive nitrogen, any form of nitrogen species other than N2, was only made available to the worldwide ecosystem by natural processes, such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and lightening, since industrialisation a number of sources of Nr wear become much more portentous (Figure 2.2). BNF allows the terrestrial ecosystem to acquire essential nitrogen compounds a through a series of reactions that convert N2 into ammonia (Ciais et al., 2013). Initially there was an equilibrium in the midst of the foreplay of Nr to the ecosystem and its loss through the process of denitrification, however since industrialisation this equilibrium no longer exists. Humans produce a quantity of Nr that is much greater than that produced course in ecosystems. This Nr is produced by humans in a number of ways 1) it is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, producing NH3 as a fertiliser for crops, this nitrogen is then hand out through run off and emission into the atmosphere 2) the growth of crops such as legumes that are associated with mycorrhizal fungi and higher levels of BNF (Hayman, 1986) and 3) the combustion of fossil evokes which converts N2 and fossil fuel nitrogen into nitrous oxides (NOx) which are emitted into the atmosphere and then depo commitd on terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean (Ciais et al., 2013).This undeniable evidence of the anthropogenic perturbation of the nitrogen cycle and the destruction relationship between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle highlights the need to understand how additions of nitrogen will interact with the carbon cycle, and in what way this will impact carbon sinks and therefore feedback to the climate. The increased supply of Nr can be expected to increase terrestrial CO2 uptake by increasing NPP (net chief(a) productivity) (chapter 2.2.1) or reducing the rate of thoroughgoing matter breakdown (chapter 2.2.2).It must be noted however that additions of Nr will not exclusively increase CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biospherenegative direction (in situations where it accelerates organic matter breakdown)-) O3 formed in the troposphere as a result of NOx and volatile organic compound emissions reduces plant productivity, and therefore reduces CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. On the global scale the net mold of the direct and indirect contributions of Nr on the radiative balance was estimated to be 0.24 W m2 (with an uncertainty range of +0.2 to 0.5 W m2)(Erisman et al ., 2011).The balance between the directions will determine the potential.2.2.1 Forest Carbon Uptake- TreesVarious studies have assessed the possible impact of increased nitrogen on tree carbon stock and a variety of methods have been put oned. One approach involves assessing the relationship between the spatial trends of carbon uptake, found by study of forest growth or net ecosystem production (NEP), and nitrogen deposition. In their 2007 study Magnani et al. employed a variation of this technique. Carbon stocks and their fluxes were measured in 5 representative chronosequences in Europe. In addition data from the literature, from a further 13 chronosequences and two lumpy aged stands were used. Estimates of wet deposition of nitrogen were enterd from various data sets. The relationship between wet nitrogen deposition and NEP was then analysed graphically and statistically. Studies of the influence of nitrogen deposition at stand level have also been carried out, one example of this is a study by Solberg et al. (2009). The impact of nitrogen deposition was evaluated by using deposition quantifys from the growth utmost (1993-2000). These values were then correlated with the values for relative volume which was calculated as literal increment in % of expected increment.In their study Magnani et al. (2007) found a strong relationship between C sequestration and wet N-deposition (Figure 2.3d) with an R2 value of 0.97. though they found this relationship was largely obscured by age effects when individual stands were considered. Solberg et at. (2009) found that nitrogen deposition had a fertilising effect of slightly higher than 1% increase in volume increment per kg N ha-1 yr-1. The results of these papers can be converted into nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) in influence to make them comparable, where NUE is the response of carbon sequestration to nitrogen deposition in kg C/kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Thus it was calculated that Magnani et al. (2007) found an NUEeco value of approximately 475 kg C/ kg N (de Vries et al., 2009). Sutton et al. (2008) found this value to be unlikely and tested the data a readyst more appropriate N-depostion values for the period suggested and produced results calculated by de Vries et al. (2009) to be between 91 and 177 kg/C/N. The NUE value for trees in the study by Solberg et al. (2009) were calculated to be equivalent to 19-38 kg C/ kg N.Another important area of research in this field is the evaluation of C-N stoichiometry of ecosystem compartments because it strongly influences the potential for carbon fixation to respond to nitrogen deposition (de Vries et al., 2009). Nitrogen entering the ecosystem can be traced by applying isotopically labelled nitrogen (15N) to the forest floor and tracking its movement. Melin et al. (1983) applied this techniques in nitrogen-limited Scots yearn stand in Sweden, to study the distribution and recovery of the labelled fertiliser. The application rate was 10 0kg of ammonium nitrate-N/ha. Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) carried out similar 15N tracer experiments in nine cold-temperate forests for three years. Further to this de Vries et al. (2006) used the same methodology as Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) at over 6000 level I plots (From a large-scale forest condition monitor scheme based on a 16 x 16 km gridnet across Europe). Site specific soil C/N ratios were use and the assumption of an increase of upto 0.1 of N retention fractions in stem wood that are influenced by N deposition.Melin et al. (1983) reported a value of between 12 and 28% of nitrogen applied recovered in trees. De Vries et al. (2009) used the C/N ratio of 500 for stem wood estimated by Nadelhoffer et al.(1999) to calculate a NUEtree of 30-70 kg C/kg N. A NUEtree of 25 kg C/kg N was calculated in the same way for the results presented by Nadelhoffer et al. (1999) which showed 5% of nitrogen applied to be recovered in woody biomass.The results of direct fertilisation experiment methodologies are important to consider for this research paper, low demigods of N fertiliser are applied to selected sites for a long-term (8-30 years) study. Hyvonen et al. (2008) ran experiments in Sweden and Finland in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands. 15 sites were selected for long-term experimentation that ranged from 14 to 30 years. Low (30-50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or high (50-200 kg N ha-1) doses of N-fertiliser either alone or in combination with other nutrients were applied to plots no smaller than 30 x 30 m. Diameter at breast height (DBH), number of trees ha-1 and tree height (when available) at each plot on each occasion of measurement were utilised to calculate biomass. The amount of carbon at each site was estimated to be 0.5 of the biomass. Changes in the C-pool was calculated for each site and the effect of N-fertilisation was calculated as the difference between the fertilised plots and the control plots. Pregitzer et al. (2007) applied 30 kg N ha-1 yr-1 from 1 994 to 2004 to four different hardwood forests in Michigan. Tree growth was measured yearly and compared with control sites. Hogberg et al. (2006) ran a 30 year experiment in unpolluted boreal forest. N fertiliser (ammonium nitrate) was applied to replicated (N=3) 0.09 ha plots. 3 doses were prescribed, 34, 68 and 108 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The highest level of application was cancelled after 20 years to allow recovery to be assessed in the subsequent decade.Hyvonen et al. (2008) presented their results as kg C/kg N and so no further calculations were necessary. They found that for the low dose application of N NUEtree was 25 kg C/kg N whereas for high dose it was 11 kg C/kg N. NPK addition produced values of 38 and 11 kg C/kg N for low and high doses respectively. Pregitzer at al. (2007) found an increase of 5000 kg C ha-1 in woody biomass, with a total application of N of three hundred kg N ha-1 for the whole study period this equates to 17 kg C/kg N (de Vries et al, 2009). Hogberg et a l. (2006) found an initial increase in tree growth at all doses of nitrogen treatment. However in the long-term the impact of fertilisation was found to be highly rate dependant. The high dose showed no gain, medium dose gave an increase of 50 m3 ha-1 and low dose a growth increase of 100 m3 ha-1 as compared to the control. In order to calculate NUEtree de Vries (2009) assumed a wood density of 500 kg m-3 and C content at 50% to calculate a net C gain of 25, 000 kg C the total N input was also calculated and net C gain was divided by this value to give 25 kg C/kg N for the lowest levels of N application.Model simulations have been used extensively in the literature. Levy et al. (2004) used three models (CENTURY, BCG and Hybrid) that employ a Monte Carlo approach, utilising conceptual algorithms that depend on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The models were applied to a coniferous forest in Sweden for a 100 year period. Simulated nitrogen deposition levels were from data by Schulze (2000) the current ambient nitrogen deposition of 12 kg N ha-1 year-1 or 10 current ambient nitrogen deposition, 120 kg N ha-1 year-1. Sutton et al. (2008) used the same inputs as Levy et al. (2004) but calculated a smaller value of total N-deposition (6-26 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Milne and Van Oijen (2005) used a complex forest growth model (EFM) directly parameterised to 22 specific sites selected across Europe, because growing conditions such as soil nitrogen levels were available for the sites. Model simulations were run for an 80 year period, control runs maintained N-deposition values at their 1920 levels whereas environmental change scenarios ran observed values of change averaging 10.5 5.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the whole period.

The Future Prospects Of Cloud Computing

The Future Prospects Of subvert Computing slander cypher involves delivering hosted run over the Internet. These run are divided into three types Infrastructure-as-a- avail (IaaS), program-as-a- military service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The name was inspired by the dapple symbol thats often roled to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams. corrupt compute is designd to describe both a program and type of application. A drove computing platform provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud give notice be physical or virtual machines.Cloud computing also describes applications that are entry chargeible through the Internet. Any wiz with a suitable Internet connection and a standard browser can access a cloud application.Characteristics of CloudFigure 1 Cloud StructureDynamic computing footCloud computing demands a impulsive computing infrastructure. The foundation for the dynamic structure is a scalable, standardized, and secure physical infrastructure. There should be redundant levels to ensure high levels of availability, nevertheless mostly to extend as usage outgrowth demands it, without requiring architectural rework. It must(prenominal) also be virtualized. These go require easy provisioning and de-provisioning via software program automation.IT service-centrical approachCloud computing is IT service-centric. This is in contrast to governance- or server- centric puzzles. In most of the cases, substance ab subprogramrs of the cloud would prefer to easy access a dedicate instance of an application or service. Service Centric approach enables drug manipulationr acceptation and business agility, reducing be or driving revenue.Self-service based usage modelThis model must provide an easy to use user interface that enables users to manage the service delivery lifecycle. The advantage of self service from the users perspective is empowerment and independence that yields significant business agility. One arrive at often overlooked from the service suppliers perspective is that the more self service that can be delegated to users, the less administrative involvement is necessary. This saves both time and money.minimally or self-managed platformIn order for a service provider to efficiently provide a cloud for its clients, they must leverage a applied science platform that is self managed. A provisioning engine for deploying serve, recovering resources for high levels of reuse, mechanisms for scheduling and reserving resource power, and capabilities for configuring, managing, and reporting to ensure resources can be apportiond, tools for controlling access to resources and policies.2.5. Consumption-based cathexisCloud computing is usage-driven and consumers pay for plainly the resources they use and therefore are charged or billed on a consumption-based model. Cloud computing must provide mechanisms to capture usage information tha t enables integration with billing systems. The value from a users perspective is the ability for them to pay only for the resources they use, helping them keep their cost d protest. From providers perspective, it allows them to track usage for charge back and billing purposes.Types of CloudsFigure 2 Cloud TypesPublic cloudPublic cloud also referred to as outdoor(a) cloud describes cloud computing in the conventional sense. Here the resources are dynamically provisioned over the Internet, through web applications or web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a profit computing basis.Community cloudA community cloud can be established where m some(prenominal) organizations have uniform type of requirements and seek to share the infrastructure so as to realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. This option is comparatively expensive but offers a higher(prenominal) level of privacy, security and/or policy compliance. Example of commun ity cloud includes Googles Gov Cloud.Hybrid cloudA hybrid cloud consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers is most common for first steps. By combining numerous cloud services, users are able to ease and facilitate the transition to public cloud services. some other perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using Hybrid Hosting, where the hosting is a mix between Cloud Hosting for the web server, and Managed dedicated server for the selective informationbase server.Private cloudFor private cloud, implementing the cloud is controlled completely by the enterprise. They are hence also referred to as internal clouds. Private clouds are enforced in the companys info center and managed by internal resources. A private cloud maintains all corporate info in resources under the control of the wakeless umbrella of the organization.Architecture of Cloud ComputingThe architecture of cloud computing is rooted in hardware and software infrastructures that ena ble scaling and virtualization. Many data centers deploy these capabilities today.Figure 3 Cloud ArchitectureVirtualized InfrastructureVirtualization ensures that applications or business services are not directly dependent on the cardinal hardware infrastructure such as computer storage, servers, or networks. This allows business services to move dynamically in a very efficient manner, based upon predefined policies.Virtualized ApplicationsThis broker helps the application to decouple itself from the underlying operate system, storage, hardware, and network to enable flexibility in deployment. Virtualized Application servers can take advantage of grid computing along with SOA and ensures scalability to meet the business requirements.Development toolsDevelopment tools can facilitate clouds distributed computing capabilities. These tools not only facilitate service orchestration but also enable business processes to be developed that can leverage the parallel processing capabilit ies. The development tools must expect dynamic provisioning.Enterprise ManagementEnterprise circumspection provides the top-down, end-to-end management of the virtualized infrastructure. The enterprise management layer handles the full lifecycle of virtualized resources.Security and Identity ManagementClouds must make use of a security infrastructure and unified identity to enable flexible provisioning. As clouds provision resources external to the enterprises legal boundaries, it becomes absolutely necessary to implement an Information Asset Management system to provide the requisite controls to meet compliance requirements.Current Benefits of Cloud ComputingDecoupling and separation of business from infrastructureElastic nature of the infrastructure to rapidly allocate and de-allocate massively scalable resources on a demand basisReduced costs imputable to operational efficienciesCloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications scale up applications as much as needed when neededsupports traditional Java and Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications as sound as new architectures such as MapReduce and the Google excite System, which provide a marrow to scale applications across thousands of servers instantlyBusiness ProblemThe main issues related to cloud computing in current post revolves aroundHow does cloud computing alter the business model of ITeS?What are the economic and technical aspects of cloud implementation?How cloud computing will attain business?What are the potential drivers and barriers in cloud computing?Cloud computing can help users avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is billed similar to a utility (like electricity) or subscription (like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Another advantage of this time sharing style approach is low barrier to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhe ad, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time and the services are often covered by SLAs with financial penalties. Other positionors impacting the scale of any cost savings include the efficiency of a companys data center as compared to the cloud vendors, the companys existing operating costs, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.Existing ScenarioThe Existing Cloud Computing Adoption clay sculptureThe existing cloud computing word meaning by enterprise is modelled on Capability Maturity Model (CMM). The Cloud Computing Adoption Model proposes five stepsLevel 1 Virtualization as the Cloud adoption employs application virtualization technology for shared server infrastructure and seamless portability.Level 2 Cloud Experimentation since Virtualization occurs internally or externally, based on amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) to compute capacity and as a result of the reference architecture.Leve l 3 Cloud Foundations occurring due to procedures, policies, Governance, controls, and best practices father to form around the deployment and development of cloud applications. These efforts always focus on non-mission critical, internal applications.Level 4 Cloud Advancement. Government foundations allow organizations to scale up the volume of cloud applications through broad-based deployments in the cloud.Level 5 Cloud Actualization as the Applications are distributed based on proximity to user, cloud capacity, cost.This Model outlines the readiness criteria, expected returns, risk factors, strategic goals, key investment requirements for graduating to the next step.Cloud Computing Alters ITeS Business ModelsThe conventional value chain for IT services, extending from design, development, maintenance and support of IT infrastructures to the maintenance of the application and ITC landscape, is changing as a result of cloud computing concepts. The existing ITeS Business model as s hown below is altered due to the impact of cloud computing and is explained belowFigure 4 ITeS Business ModelInfrastructureCore Capabilities The core capabilities required to deliver cloud services to the customers can be classified into 3 segments. These areService management and provisioning This segment consists of Operations management, Service Provisioning, SLA management, Utilization Monitoring, Backup, Data Management.Security and Data secrecy This segment consists of Authentication and Authorization, Data Network Security, Data Privacy, Auditing and AccountingData Center Facilities Under this part comes the Routers/Firewalls, LAN/WAN, Internet Access, Hosting Centers.Partners If companies want SAAS to live up to its potential in a community-focused business model-centralizing communication, collaboration and business synchronicity across multiple, diverse companies-they need to augment technology implementation with a unfermented approach to partner management.Key Processe s Cloud Services currently offers various services like Test and Development, Internet application Hosting, Disaster Recovery, File Storage, On-demand Storage, utility Computing, SaaS Applications, Log processing, Batch Computing, Jobs, Application Development.OfferingValue Proposition There are certain compelling benefits that the customers receive from Cloud Computing. These areReduce monetary value Reduction in total cost of ownership by optimally using the hardware andSoftware licensesAgility The infrastructure can be provisioned prontoGlobal Scale Massively scalable engines allow building highly scalable services for consumersCustomersCustomer Segments The main target segment for the cloud services are the big enterprises, medium enterprises, small enterprises, independent software vendors, developers, etc.Customer Requirements The main things that the customers require from cloud service providers are easy to use console, reliability, security, flexibility, low cost, green IT , etc.FinancesCost Structure Cloud computing builds on established trends for driving the cost out of the delivery of services piece increasing the speed and agility with which services are deployed. The cost of these environments is minimal because they can coexist on the same servers as production environments because they use few resources.Revenue Cloud computing enables a shift in IT provision from direct purchase and payment for services to provision of services which are free at point of use and where revenue is derived from advertising. The largest component of the overall cloud services market is cloud-based advertising.Profit Thus with reduction of cost in a great extent and a shift of revenue model to the advertisements, the profit for the Cloud Services is expected to be quite bright.The maturity model structure helps to classify and compare Cloud computing offeringsFigure 5 Cloud Computing Maturity ModelFor Software as a Service (SaaS), there are business models based o n pure SaaS solutions, with independent architectures. The Internet browser plays a key part and becomes part of the SaaS applications and acts as the user interface. A SaaS provider manages an application in their proprietary data center and makes it available to multiple users over the Web. Oracle CRM On Demand, Salesforce.com, and Netsuite are some of the well known SaaS examplesFor Platform as a Service (PaaS), the largest variant involves extensive middleware components. This platform comprises of infrastructure software, and typically includes a database, middleware and development tools. Creation of full-service platform solutions means that independent software vendors (ISVs) and IT departments of system integrators can develop and deliver applications online using third-party infrastructure services. For example, Google AppEngine is a PaaS offering where developers write in Python or Java. EngineYard is Ruby on Rails.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) business model compris es three different types public, private and hybrid cloud models. It is the evolution of conventional hosting that doesnt need any commitment and at the same time ensures the users to the provision of resources on demand. Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Secure Storage Service (S3) are examples of IaaS offeringsEconomic Aspects of Cloud ImplementationDue to recessionary impact as the demand for cost optimisation rises high, cloud computing is emerging as an option for large and small players, seemingly to the benefit of consulting companies in that domain. Cloud computing offers virtualized resources as a service over the internet, incorporating infrastructure, software and platform as services, without a user having to bear large costs by way of acquiring expensive assets in any of the three. It reduces capex into opex and enables computing at a fraction of the investment required to buy all the hardware and software.Technical Aspects of Cloud ImplementationThe three most important technical aspects of the cloud three items of the Cloud 1) infinite computing resources 2) elimination of an up-front commitment and 3) pay for use of computing resources on a short-term basis as needed. The other important aspects are discusses below Server Compute Capacity The most important reason for leveraging cloud capabilities is to quickly gain access to hundreds or thousands of computers for compute capacity as and when required. Use of the cloud can be up to 90% faster than using servers in data centers. It is ideal for seasonal business commitment and traffic spikes.Storage Capacity There is so much structured and unstructured data on Enterprise storage servers that managing it requires a major cost. As building compute capacity in the Enterprise has become expensive, so has the building of storage capacity. The use of cloud computing for storage capacity can be ideal, especially for spikes in usage.Network Access Cloud computing services are gen erally accessed and delivered through and over the web. Compared to a traditional model, the use of a public network rather than a private network is a big change. The inherent routing delivery advantages of TCP-IP that gets messages to their destination even when multiple paths are down can be applied through cloud computing.Multiple Locations A cloud provider with multiple locations for delivery, fail-over and back-up. The technical capabilities enables load to be easily transferred from one location to another.Easy to use Cloud computing can be used as programming and technical conventions are similar sufficiency to those of conventional computing, and leading cloud computing platforms have open APIs.How Cloud Computing will Change businessNew generation of products and servicesCloud computing allows innovative companies offer products that are significantly less costly due to reduced capex and new business modelsLightweight form of real-time partnerships and outsourcing with IT suppliersCloud computing will provide agility and control that traditional outsourcing providers cannot match for the most part.Awareness and leverage of the greater Internet applications and Web 2.0 in special(prenominal)A reconciliation of traditional SOA with the cloud and other emerging IT modelsWeb-Oriented Architecture fits very well with cloud technologies which are heavily Web-based and its a natural way of building SOA at every level of the organization.Rise of new industry leaders and IT vendorsWell-funded new cloud startups will bring new technologies, new feeling (radical openness and transparency, and Web-focus) thats often needed with cloud computingMore self-service IT from the business-sideSaaS will require increasingly less and less involvement from the IT department.More gross profit for innovation and experimentationWith lesser and lesser economic and technological barriers creating new ways to improve the business, cloud computing will enable prototyping an d market administration of new approaches much fasterDrivers Barriers of Cloud ComputingCustomer Perspective DriverseconomicsFaster, simpler, cheaper to use cloud appsNo upfront capital required for servers and storageNo ongoing operational expenses for running datacenterApplications can be accessed from anywhere, anytimeCustomer Perspective BarriersData SecurityMany customers dont wish to trust their data to the cloudData must be topical anaestheticly retained for regulatory reasonsLatencyThe cloud can be many milliseconds awayNot suitable for real-time applicationsApplication AvailabilityCannot switch from existing legacy applicationsEquivalent cloud applications do not existVendor Perspective DriverseconomicsEasier for application vendors to kick the bucket new customersLowest cost way of delivering and supporting applicationsAbility to use commodity server and storage hardwareAbility to drive down data center operational cotsVendor Perspective BarriersService Level Agreement sWhat if something goes wrong?What is the true cost of providing SLAs?Business ModelsSaaS/PaaS models are challengingMuch lower upfront revenueCustomer Lock-inCustomers want open/standard APIsNeed to continuously add valueRisks Security Issues in Cloud Computing before long many companies are considering moving applications to the cloud but still there is doubt about the security of third party services.There are succeeding(a) risks security issues involved with cloud computingNo ownership of HardwareCompanies who want to audit the providers and do their own testing need to consider the fact that they dont own the hardware. Conducting a penetration test requires the permission of the cloud-service provider .Otherwise the client is illegally hacking into the providers systems. While some SLAs such as Amazons specify that testing of their software running on the providers systems can be done but getting explicit permission is key.Need of Strong policies and user educationCloud compu ting provides companies numerous benefits, to allow access to data from anywhere and removing maintenance headaches from the IT staff, but the phishing attacks that hit workers at home could threaten the company. Thus there is need for provision the employees for the proper use of benefits especially to non technical usersRisk related to machine instancesThere is always a risk during the use of virtual machine from a provider companies should never trust the system. Companies should create their own images for internal use, and protect themselves legally from potentially malicious third-party developers.Privileged user accessSensitive data processing brings with it an inherent risk, because outsourcing services bypass the physical, logical and personnel controls IT shops exert over in-house programs. So it is advisable to fetch as much information as you can about the people who manage your data.Regulatory complianceCustomers are finally responsible for the integrity and security o f own data, even if it is held by a service provider. Traditional service providers are subjected to external audits and security certifications. Cloud computing providers who do not undergo this scrutiny are indicating that clients can only use them for the most trivial functions.Risk related to Data locationData can be located at any location and one might not even know where it will be stored like the name of the country also. So it may not be clear, whether the provider is obeying the local privacy requirements.Risks with Encryption SchemesData in the cloud is in a shared environment along with data from other customers. Encryption is effective but isnt panacea. It is important to find out what can be done to segregate data at rest .The cloud provider should provide proof that encoding standards were designed and validated by experienced specialists.Recovery RiskOn the one hand user does not know the location of data while on the other hand he doesnt know what will happen to hi s data and service in case of a happening. Any absence of disaster recovery or offering that does not replicate the data across multiple sites is potentially vulnerable to a complete failure.Recommendations Future ProspectsLower costs of market entryApplication deployment, faster payback on development costs, and superior return on investment will drive cloud-based platform adoption for both entrepreneurial and enterprise developers.Internal CloudsMost IT organizations will opt for internal clouds. These are cloudy environments that are implemented within a companys own data centers. The case for this perspective is that before IT orgs reach out to external cloud providers, theyll want to get better use out of the equipment they already have.Providers that pick up their target audienceRide the new wave of Virtualization solutionsMigrations, business process automations, BPM,consultanciesChose to be an IaaSAppropriate visibility, analytics, OS, storage, DR, compute power, security , on demand billing,Fully integrated Platform as a ServiceIaaS, ERP, Databases, XML files, flat files, web services, API availability, DNSNiche specialists -Mobile or VoIP platforms

Harriet Beecher Stowe Biography

Harriet Beecher Stowe BiographyKatie RarickMulti-source Research-based PaperHarriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe was born June 14, 1811. She was born into a large, famous family. Her siblings all became ministers, educators, or founders of an government activity merely she believed her purpose in life was to write. Stowe started off non as successful as her siblings, but she stuck to her gut feeling and eventually created any(prenominal) of the sterling(prenominal) pieces of books that opened the publics eyes towards slavery. What was it about Stowes writings that made slavery more aware to the nation?Stowe attended school at Sarah Pierces Litchfield Female academy and Hartford Female Seminary, which was founded by her sister Catherine. At the Seminar is where she gained most of her writing talents. She spent many hours and nights writing essays. She was well prepared for her writing career from non besides her schooling, but also the education and discipline she lear ned at home. She graduated when she was only 13. At her graduation, she had one of her essays read in which her father had no idea. When he had heard she had written it he was, to say the least, surprised and proud.She later married Calvin Stowe, who was nothing more than a college professor. She stated he was rich in Greek and Hebrew, Latin Arabic, alas rich in nothing else. This motivated Stowe to begin to do something with her writings. Her and her husband could not afford living on Calvins salary, because she began to write stories and publish them. Another huge influence was her attitude towards slavery and the wrong doings that she could not speak out about because she was a woman. They only way she could get her words out was to write about the issue that was bothering her and many others as well. She had a group of friends with the same beliefs as her and they began to create some writings together. Once she married Calvin, however, that was her final push to publish her works. Her writings were not only a source of income but also an educational source.Harriet Beecher Stowe was not only an author, but also an abolitionist. Stowe created over 30 pieces of work, with Uncle Toms Cabin being her greatest piece. (Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War). She wrote it in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. It showed readers the effects slavery had on families and people began to empathize with the characters in the story. It has been said that because of Stowes book, the Civil War began. No one knows if this is true or not, but President Lincoln erstwhile said to Stowe, so youre the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war. It wouldnt be a surprise if that was the case, because the book influenced people in the way of political and economic arguments about slavery.After the book was published, Stowe got many reviews that both applauded the book as well as stated it was inaccurate and not powerful enough. whatever said the main character, Tom, wasnt forceful enough. They said it wasnt powerful enough to move slavery and that she was being one-sided about slavery. Those who praised the book, said it made slavery attend more realistic and opened peoples eyes to what slavery was doing. Stowe responded to the critics by writing The Key to Uncle Toms Cabin. It stated her sources of Uncle Toms Cabin, therefore people couldnt say her information was false or that she was being one-sided.Harriet Beecher Stowe became an international celebrity after the publication of Uncle Toms Cabin (Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War). She travelled to Britain to seal rights for another legend of hers, and while she was there people move around her on the streets. She was given a 26-page petition signed by British women all over the valet who were wanting Americans to end slavery. She was also invited to anti-slavery term and rallies and was asked to speak before many people. However, she didnt like to speak it public, so she stood back as her husband and brother spoke on her behalf. Queen Elizabeth wanted to tackle her, but Harriet declined. Queen Elizabeth still gave Stowe and her sister a ride out of the city so they wouldnt get rushed by city people(Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War).Harriets assist anti-slavery novel was less influential than Uncle Toms Cabin but still a good piece of work. Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp duologue about abolition but doesnt have the outlook of an end to slavery (Harriet Beecher Stowe Dred A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp Essay- Critical Essays). Stowe directed this novel towards people in the south, where she directed Uncle Toms Cabin to those of the north. She focused on legal aspects of slavery as while as plantation life to try to hear the wrong doings of the said system. When people criticized this book, they said Stowe wasnt as inspired as she was when she wrote her first anti-slavery novel. Some s aid Dred was not as sentimental but more realistic than Uncle Toms Cabin. There were also critics who said Dred was less successful because Stowe lost confidence in the abolition of slavery.Harriet Beecher Stowe made many powerful movements by her writings. She proved women can speak out and make a difference. She started many riots and rallies for slavery, which eventually leaded to abolition of slavery all together. Her contribution to literature and the world will forever be remembered. As Uncle Toms Cabin is read in six different languages and is used all around the world in account statement and literature classes.Harriet Beecher Stowe died July 1, 1896 at 86 years old (Harriet Beecher Stowes Life). She is still known all around the world today. There are museums, landmarks, and her works still go and are used today. The house she wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in in Maine was bought by Bowdoin College and restored. The house she lived in for the final years of her life is restored and is now a museum. It keeps Stowes items and a research library as well Harriet Beecher Stowe is still an important woman in history more than a century laterStowe accomplished so much with a pen and her words. Women of her time couldnt publicly speak, so writing was the way women got their thoughts and ideas out to the world. It is incredible to imagine the world we would be in without a simple piece of work that a young woman from Litchfield, CT published. Uncle Toms Cabin was one of the main reasons people started speaking out about slavery. If her writings werent around, would somebody else have raised their voice? Would we still have slavery? Would the bloodiest war in American history have taken place? It is astonish what one piece of writing can do for the world.References(Harriet Beecher Stowes Life)(Harriet Beecher Stowe Dred A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp Essay-Critical Essays)(Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin, Slavery, and the Civil War)

Importance Of Diversity Training :: essays research papers

Diversity training has be know a necessity in businesses today. Diversity training is necessary because of peoples differences in our act upon force. Some of these differences are race, gender, culture, age, and disabilities. Because our organization is so diverse, this program will help educate, sensitize and prepare people to get along in our workplace. If done right, I feel that the training programs will bring our company promising results. One study by Katrina Jordan on diversity training in the workplace from the military position of organization/human resources diversity practitioners and diversity consultants showed positive results. Some of the outcomes found in this study were changes in staff behavior, increases staff sensitivity, increased executive commitment, credit en study that diversity training is not just a H.R function, etc. For some diversity training empowers people by helping them to understand others and develop a world view beyond their own. As a result t hey know how to respond to and resolve differences that might otherwise interfere with their work(Jordan). Programs are make up to cover a wide range of topics. These topics include defining, developing and managing diversity, harassment prevention, cross cultural communication, and creating an affirming environment. Workers will be able to bring up their own specific topics as well. readiness sessions will be of two types. First we will have a series of speakers come in at least once every other week and talk to large groups no larger than 75 people. Also during the week amongst smaller groups of no more that 20 people will meet for discussions. All sessions will be held at times convenient to all employees. To try to create an informal environment we will serve coffee and donuts. For the training programs to make a positive impact it is important for all levels of employees to take part. Training must begin from the top down. H.R participants say that it is essential for top exe cutives to take part in these training sessions. Middle management will be emphasise to attend, since they are doing a lot of interaction with people.

The Struggle for Emancipation of Women :: Papers

The Struggle for Emancipation of Women Describe and compare the progress made to secure rights for women (Economically, pedagogicsally, legally, politically, etc.) between 1870 and 1900) Before 1870 Womens education depended on their class. If you were born into an Upper or Middle class family a Governess would have tutored you privately, while Working class women might of gone to a sunshine school to learn the basics of reading and writing. Women didnt need an education sooner 1870 as they wouldnt need to work unless if you were Working class, and also because a womens opinion never mattered, they had to sit there and look pretty. There were many changes after 1870, such as Elementary, Public and Universities were being founded. All children, both boys and girls, were made to go to simple school till the age of 9. Also the Universities and Colleges such as the Cheltenham Ladies College were a break through in womens education. These new laws Guarant eed education of Middle and Working chassis women. Women started to think for themselves after this but sexism was still there, it was an improvement but wasnt a huge improvement. The Elementary schools may of given opportunities to the lower classes but these were largely overcrowded and they had to go steady at the age of 9, which doesnt help them much as at this age they were still too young for jobs. There was progress during this period, due to the fact of before this time there was no guaranteed education for the working class, as after 1870 this was made possible. Before 1870 womens jobs were very menial and repetitive and also were often at a much lower rate than of a man doing the same job. Upper and Middle Class women were very idle before 1870 and spent virtually of their time playing the piano or just looking pretty. The working class women had low paid jobs such as Domestic service, working in fields and Factory working, the Upper and Mi ddle Class women of the times duties