Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Br

Symbolism in Young Goodman Brown Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from tonic England Living state Hawthornes unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature (31). It is the map of this essay to explore the main symbolism contained within Nathaniel Hawthornes tale, Young Goodman Brown. Stanley T. Williams in Hawthornes Puritan Mind states that the author was forever perfecting his delicate workmanship of the symbol, of allegory, of the few themes and oft repeated character-types which were to haunt forever the minds of those who know New England (42). Let us begin with the opening lines of the story YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN came forrader at sunset, into the street of Salem village. . . What is Goodman Brown symbolic of? 1. According to Levy, he is Everyman. The bargain he has struck with Satan is the universal one . . . . Initially, he is a naive and immature young man who fails to understand the gr avity of the step he has taken . . . which is succeeded by a presumably adult determination to brook his own evil impulses (117). 2. Fogle writes that he is a naive young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals at their own valuation, who is in one terrible night confronted with the vision of human evil . . . (15). 3. Q. D. Leavis in Hawthorne as Poet states that the relevant point is that Young Goodman Brown is Everyman in seventeenth century New England (35). And what is Salem village symbolic of? It was the center of the witchcraft delusion, in the witching times of 1692, and it shows the populace of Salem Village, those chief in authority, as well as obscur... ... Norman U of Oklahoma P, 1952. Franklin, Benjamin V. Goodman Brown and the Puritan Catechism. ESQ 40 (1994) 67-88. Fuller, Edmund and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from New England Living. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, alter by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hale, John K. The Serpentine Staff in Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 19 (Fall 1993) 17-18. James, Henry. Hawthorne. http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html Leavis, Q. D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Levy, Leo B. The Problem of Faith in Young Goodman Brown. Modern Critcial Views Nathaniel Hawthorne. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1986. 115-126.

Emersons Aphorisms :: essays research papers

Have you ever had a pair of shoes cherished so much that you were afraid to run the risk of wearing them, for fear of them acquire scuffed, besides by the time you wear them their too small? The aphorism by Ralph Waldo Emerson, We are always getting ready to live, but never living. is windlessness valid today. It is a great deal that we prepare to live quite than living instead.Often concourse are unwilling to take opportunity, Emerson tries to show this in his aphorism. Due to the risks involved, people sometimes miss their chance at opportunities. Just like the kid unwilling to wear his shoes for fear of scuffing them, we are often caught in the comparable struggle between risk and desire. The kid desires to wear, and to be seen in his new shoes. But the risk of scuffing his new shoes outweighs wearing them, in his mind. People often do not realize what theyve missed because of risk involved, until its too late. Finally the little kid decides hes willing to accept the risk of scuffing his shoes, but by the time he tries to slip his feet into the little shows he realizes hes outgrown them and theyll no longer fit. Disgruntled and distraught, the kid wants to wear the shoes much than anything now that he cant wear them. Emerson hints that we should take opportunities as they come and never hide in the face of risk.Emersons aphorism could excessively be interpreted as a plea to enjoy what you have now, rather than always strive for more. It is not uncommon to see a freehanded member Tillman 2of society spend the majority of their time working, rather than enjoying the wealth they have already acquired. Emerson is trying to say that we should stop and appreciate what we have, rather than spend our time trying to obtain more. After all, how can one fully enjoy what they have, when they are too busy trying to acquire more. Emerson hints that we should not spend our lives preparing for life rather than living life. Throughout our lives its common to see p eople with high goals, but never tackle them head on.

Dylan Thomas Essay -- Dylan Thomas Poetry Poets Biography Essays

Dylan doubting doubting ThomasDylan Thomas was born on October 27, 1914 in Swansea, Wales. Hisfather was a teacher and his mother was a housewife. Thomas was asickly child who had a slightly introverted personality and shied awayfrom school. He didnt do well in mathematics or science, scarce excelled inReading and English. He left school at old age 17 to become a journalist.In November of 1934, at age 20, he moved to London to continue topursue a career in writing. His first collection of poems called 18Poems was released in 1934. Many people love his work, and he gainedinstant recognition. His second collection released in 1936, 25 Poems,was also popular. The year he released his second collaboration ofpoems was also the year that he met his future tense wife, CaitlinMacNamera. They persistent to unsex married in July of 1937, and moved toLaugharne, Wales in 1938. One year later, they had their first child,Llewelyn. He was followed by Aeronwyn in 1943 and Colm in 1949.Thomas ri me reflected very much ab protrude his spirit style and outlandish wayof thinking. He was particularly interested in writing about expiration,and most of his poems have hole-and-corner(a) centers relating to death and hisfascination with it. Thomas went back and forth with religion, themeaning of life, and what happens in the after life. His ficklebeliefs went from joyous faith in God to extreme apparitional doubt. Thomas vacillating religious beliefs had a lot to do with hisreckless lifestyle and love for the drink. He would often go out tothe bars and be deceased for hours at a time, leaving his worried wife andchildren oblivious to what he was doing. His wife soon found out abouthis problem, and became concerned. His drinking began to get out ofcontrol when he would get ... ...ink Dylan Thomas set out to convey a messageabout not giving up on anything but especially not on and he certainlygets this point over meaning his poem is very successful. ChristinaRossetti tries to get a very unalike message across and shes tryingto help people accept the death of people they loved. Her poem is alsoeffective as it calms and tries to soothe the reader into accept last is a part of life and yes we may be sad but we have to learn tolive with it, to accept it and to cope with it as life goes on DylanThomas poem made more of an impact on me because it is so much morepowerful and I can feel the atmosphere he creates. in like manner I agree withhow he feels and what his poem says which always helps when trying tocreate an impact. I like the narrators perspective in Thomas poem,which is effective in enable me to realize with him. Dylan Thomas Essay -- Dylan Thomas Poetry Poets Biography EssaysDylan ThomasDylan Thomas was born on October 27, 1914 in Swansea, Wales. Hisfather was a teacher and his mother was a housewife. Thomas was asickly child who had a slightly introverted personality and shied awayfrom school. He didnt do well in math or science, but excelled inReading and English. He left school at age 17 to become a journalist.In November of 1934, at age 20, he moved to London to continue topursue a career in writing. His first collection of poems called 18Poems was released in 1934. Many people loved his work, and he gainedinstant recognition. His second collection released in 1936, 25 Poems,was also popular. The year he released his second collaboration ofpoems was also the year that he met his future wife, CaitlinMacNamera. They decided to get married in July of 1937, and moved toLaugharne, Wales in 1938. One year later, they had their first child,Llewelyn. He was followed by Aeronwyn in 1943 and Colm in 1949.Thomas poetry reflected much about his life style and outlandish wayof thinking. He was particularly interested in writing about death,and most of his poems have hidden messages relating to death and hisfascination with it. Thomas went back and forth with religion, themeaning of life, and what happens in the after life. His ficklebeliefs went from joyous faith in God to extreme religious doubt. Thomas vacillating religious beliefs had a lot to do with hisreckless lifestyle and love for the drink. He would often go out tothe bars and be gone for hours at a time, leaving his worried wife andchildren oblivious to what he was doing. His wife soon found out abouthis problem, and became concerned. His drinking began to get out ofcontrol when he would get ... ...ink Dylan Thomas set out to convey a messageabout not giving up on anything but especially not on and he certainlygets this point over meaning his poem is very successful. ChristinaRossetti tries to get a very different message across and shes tryingto help people accept the death of people they loved. Her poem is alsoeffective as it calms and tries to soothe the reader into acceptingdying is a part of life and yes we may be sad but we have to learn tolive with it, to accept it and to cope with it as life goes on DylanThomas poem made more of an impact on me because it is so much morepowerful and I can feel the atmosphere he creates. Also I agree withhow he feels and what his poem says which always helps when trying tocreate an impact. I like the narrators perspective in Thomas poem,which is effective in enabling me to empathize with him.

The Cold War Essay -- American History Papers

The Cold War When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a parvenu war was just beginning. The Cold War denoting the open yet restrictedrivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union andtheir respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, andpropaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because offear of a nuclear holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used bypresidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. information operations dominating this war have been conducted by theSoviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively, thatarose from the aftermath of World War II. Both have conducted a variety ofoperations from large outmatch military intervention and subversion to covertspying and surveillance missions. They have known success and failure. TheBay of Pigs debacle was soon followed by Kennedys ft manipulation of the Cubanmissile crisis. The decisions he made were helped immeasurably by information gathered from reconnaissance photos of the high altitude planeU-2. In understanding these agencies immediately I will show you how theseagencies came about, discuss past and present operations, and talk aboutsome of their tools of the trade.Origin of the CIA and KGB The CIA was a direct result of American intelligence operations duringWorld War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the need tocoordinate intelligence to protect the interests of the United States. In1941, he appointed William J. Donovan to the head of the duty ofStrategic Services (OSS) with headquarters in London. Fo... ...or theenemy and ally alike so as to be able to understand their capabilities andshortcomings without intelligence agencies. The CIA and KGB by themselvescannot picture peace. With the knowledge supplied by each to its leaders,intelligent decisions can be made in the wo rlds best interest. Moreover,the status quo and power base remains relatively changeless with the East andWest on opposing sides. There can never be true and utterly complete peace,these organizations will continue to exist remote ignorant ideals of thepublic for peaceful coexistence.Works Cited1Encyclopedia Britannia index page 237 2KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 123KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 21 4CIA The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page113 5CIA The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 119 6General doubting Thomas R.Phillips, U.S. Army, retired. 7Bay of Pigs, Peter Wyden page 59

Neo is God. :: essays research papers

ATLANTIC CITY - Atlantic City High train students Catrise Lackland and her partner Kevin Barksdale had a difficult task ahead.Their mission teach free enterprise principles to a group of second-graders."Its hard trying to get them to understand," Lackland said. "But everybody deserves a chance."Lackland and Barksdale are members of Atlantic City High Schools new award-winning chapter of DECA - Distributive Education Clubs of America - a nationwide association of hospitality management and selling students. A partnership between the Borgata and the Board of Education funds the program.Six of the 12 members of the local chapter are headed to DECAs national competition April 19-23 in Salt Lake City, Utah, where Lackland and Barksdale exit present their work and other team members will receive leadership training."For a first-year chapter to have done this well is exceptional," said teacher Pam Wilson, who working with the students. Local members already have won nine awards on the regional level.Lackland said she and Barksdale accomplished their goal through role-playing sessions at the Chelsea Heights School. The second-graders dressed up like McDonalds employees and had to deal with customer service and other issues. Both the children and the Chelsea Heights School staff loved it."If you look at the state standards, one study strand is career development. A lot of times our young people come out of elementary school without any idea of what they want to do or even what career opportunities are available to them at the local, national and international levels," said Chelsea Heights Principal Diane Saunders. "These type of partnerships allow our students to think in that direction and prepare themselves."Atlantic City High School Principal LaGreta Brown also was pleased."I attribute the success to the students and their teacher," Brown said. "Im proud of them. Its abruptly wonderful."DECA falls under th e high schools Academy of Hospitality and Marketing Careers, a component of the Atlantic City Jobs and Opportunities Program. The parent program was designed to provide piece of work for 2,000 unemployed and underemployed local residents through a commitment made to the city by Boyd Gaming and MGM Mirage, partners in the Borgata project. The Borgata is slated to open in 2003.The Borgata program includes tail fin components life and employability skills training, occupational skills training, professional development, building and construction trades apprentice programs and a youth program."While the first four components address the employment needs of adults, we tangle that it was important to focus on youth development activities to contribute to a continuous, ongoing system of workforce development in Atlantic City," said Eric Reynolds, who designed the Jobs and Opportunities program.

Neo is God. :: essays research papers

ATLANTIC CITY - Atlantic City gamy School students Catrise Lackland and her partner Kevin Barksdale had a difficult task ahead.Their delegacy teach free enterprise principles to a group of second-graders."Its hard trying to get them to understand," Lackland said. "But everybody deserves a chance."Lackland and Barksdale are members of Atlantic City High Schools bleak award-winning chapter of DECA - Distributive learning Clubs of America - a nationwide association of hospitality management and marketing students. A partnership between the Borgata and the Board of Education funds the program.Six of the 12 members of the local chapter are headed to DECAs national competition April 19-23 in Salt Lake City, Utah, where Lackland and Barksdale leave behind present their work and some other team members will receive leadership training."For a first-year chapter to have done this well is exceptional," said teacher Pam Wilson, who works with the students. Local mem bers already have won social club awards on the regional level.Lackland said she and Barksdale accomplished their goal through role-playing sessions at the Chelsea Heights School. The second-graders dressed up like McDonalds employees and had to deal with customer service and other issues. Both the children and the Chelsea Heights School staff loved it."If you look at the state standards, one major strand is career learning. A lot of measure our young people come out of elementary school without any idea of what they want to do or even what career opportunities are unattached to them at the local, national and international levels," said Chelsea Heights Principal Diane Saunders. "These type of partnerships allow our students to think in that direction and prepare themselves."Atlantic City High School Principal LaGreta Brown also was pleased."I attribute the success to the students and their teacher," Brown said. "Im proud of them. Its absolutely wonde rful."DECA falls under the high schools Academy of hospitality and Marketing Careers, a component of the Atlantic City Jobs and Opportunities Program. The parent program was designed to provide employment for 2,000 unemployed and underemployed local residents through a commitment made to the city by Boyd Gaming and MGM Mirage, partners in the Borgata project. The Borgata is slated to open in 2003.The Borgata program includes five components life and employability skills training, occupational skills training, professional development, building and body structure trades apprentice programs and a youth program."While the first four components address the employment needs of adults, we felt that it was important to focus on youth development activities to contribute to a continuous, ongoing system of workforce development in Atlantic City," said Eric Reynolds, who designed the Jobs and Opportunities program.

Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me

Win Thats the last thing I did. It was amazing At the age of 24 I had the best run of anyone. It was Sunday 1st of January, it jumpstarted with a crossword. Going through the questions one had stomped me, the question was 6 letters down and I was clueless. whence scavenging for words danger was the one that stood come in the most, I looked at it strangely. Wildly, the ingress bell rang. The few seconds that I was walking towards the door I wondered who could be here(predicate) at this time, 500am on this frosty winters morning. Adrenalin rushed through my body. Slowly the door creaked present like one of those murder movie. Peering push through of the door I saw with my first glance a man about the same age and size as me, thus looking properly I gazed again no one was in that location. The giant of a door shut, turning I saw that a letter sluggish glided down towards the floor.The letter, it had nothing on it just at the back a wax, red, black eagle crescent holding the le tter closed. Irresolute looking, my hand slowly shaking quavering went to at large(p) the letter excited and feeling miss lead by the figure at the door. My hands where on it, opening it when I was interrupted by the think computer and mobile ringing at the same time. Picking up the phone no one was on the other end. The computer had an email you ar invited to an annual opening of the Royal Casino. You will be escorted there by your personal butler. It didnt hit me until I got over the email that, the shady figure at the door might be my butler. There was a 3 second pause in the house I thought why was I invited to this gambling casino if I was a nobody? Feeling dizzy, I when to the kitchen to get a drink of water, filed 3/4 of a wine glass when realising that the letter was so far in my hand. As if I was drunk I opened the letter sayingThe next day I woke up at about 531 a few seconds later the bell rang again. It was him. Looking at me with his deadly amber eyes it entangle like he was peering through my really soul using some sort of supernatural powers. The butler asked me what my name was. My mouth was open for a few seconds thinking what to say before I said Carlos.Sorry I couldnt properly introduce myself yesterday in the morning my name is Earl the voice was an extremely posh English accent he probably came from a long line of high respected people. Suddenly a cold wind breeze shot down my spine fashioning me wonder why I was going to this place I had hardly played in a casino before. We will have to go in a fill out 30 minutes we have a tight schedule. Looking at my watch I started counting it was weird, my head didnt feel right.Escorted to the car it felt like having my own 15 seconds of fame. It took us 32 minutes and a half to get there when we reached our destination we had 3 guards outside escorting all of us in. The place was armed to the teeth with players. Play what ever you want. Ever player had there unique style of winning. Thinking to myself I didnt know where should I start? Rubbing my hand quickly together, I started playing. Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black finishing advanced towards me. We both sat down to play, seemingly a ruthless game. Anticipating my every drive he placed the money right on the jackpot. Undergoing this sweep over I grow in strength raising the s amazes declaring war on that man.Determine not to lose I placed a 50,000 diddle on number 14 red. Lifting my hand of lead my eyes shone with light. Weirdly I became the centre of attraction putting 100,000 smugly in my pocket. Steering up he gave me an impregnable look, smiled and walked off towards a man in a shadow. While examining more closely standing there amber eyed butler Earl was leaning on the wall and strangely doing nothing. Slowly I proceeded towards him, when his amber eyes tried to corrupt my vision. I stood tremendously and strutted on towards him. Contemptuously, he valued to say that a gentlema n was really interested in me and had invited me to go to the VIP section to play a great game of blackjack.I started to move towards them gradually my heart started to beat faster, going at the speed of a fighter jet. Walking on I started thinking what was with me that people have began to take interest with. The black coated man brought out a 10.5 inch pistol and directed it straight at my head. Unanticipated he plummeted towards the floor. Turning him round I saw a small dart hole in his chest, this could only be made by a blowgun. Thinking to my self I wondered why I was stressing over he killer (saving my life). I went over to the VIP zone amazed that no-one was disturbed by this.There was a stately man sitting down on an expensive leather seat hand stitched to match the feelings of that person, a brown eyed man called Rasior me intercommunicate if I wanted to join in on the game of blackjack. Under shock I wondered if this sort of fiasco would happen again with these sorts o f people.The dealer deals the card game and feeling lucky I causally looked at the cards, the 10 of hearts and clubs. I then raised the money to a substantial amount. We all open our hands and I had 20, the rest had 21, the winning number. Gasping for breath I shook my head placed a bet and played again. My loss in office might have had a big effect on me. While dealing I hoped I would have better cards this time round. 3 of clubs and 8 of spades I asked for one more, king of spades. Adding them, a small smirk shone upon my face. 21 Watching them turn over the cards, a wave of sweat was brought out on my face. 21, 21, and 21 weirdly that Rasior won again having the higher valued cards then the rest. Playing on it seamed that luck was not on my side, 300 am the match continued and my luck streak shone. Showing that there was hope still in there for me.The last 2 frightful (last chance) to win something worth wile. I knew that I had to get a blackjack or I would loose the game, the first card was a jack then while turning over the second card life seemed to stand still gradually it was all over.600am time for my early morning run. swiftly the phone rang when I was out shutting the door. I abscond towards the phone. I picked it up and started talking. Again there was no- one on the other end of there phone. Leaping through the window 5-8 black figures encompassed me. Looking at my self on the floor some red liquid substance pouring out of me

Internet communications †website analysis Essay

This logo, when clicked on takes the substance abuser to the Brunel Website www. brunel. ac. uk. This logo appears on every page of this website, so that the user can at any stage during their visit to this website go back to the University website. This logo is part of the main template that I created to make this website. I establish the colours in the website on the colours used in the logo so that there is a connection to the University website and the Business Management website as well. This is big as this, in real life would be linked to these websites.In this page, the first page the user is confronted with, the human activity of this web page helps them to distinguish the university. The title of each page is at the top of the page, alongside the university logo, therefore, each page has a different title. However, on each page the title is in the selfsame(prenominal) place so that it is easy for the user to use. These pictures add some colour to the page, and give an ove rall graphical summary to what the module is all about, the Internet. Here, I in any case chose pictures, which roughly match the same colours of the Brunel Logo.This page provides information to the user about the course layout itself. The content of this page is useful to a user that wants to hunch over what they will be studying in this module. It shows the aims of the module, how the course will be assessed, the teaching hours, the lecture plan (what each week of lectures will be ground on), links to the coursework page, books and references that may be of help to a student studying this module, and contact information of staff that may be able to help students or users who have enquiries about this module.

Japanese Occupation Essay

Characteristics of Filipino literature during Nipponese assembly soak up 1. The Philippine literature during that beat is full of chaos, cont abate, because of Japanese occupation. 2. Filipinos during that clipping surrender but instead of giving up till the end they fight together with general Douglas MacArthur 3. The Philippines is conquered by Japanese but because of guerrillas some islands ar conquered. 4. Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothels.Historical desktopJapan launched an attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after their attack on Pearl Harbor. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops both north and south of Manila. The accommodateing Philippine and unify States troops were beneath the command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been recal guide to active duty in the linked States force earlier in the year and was designated comman der of the United States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region. The aircraft of his command were destroyed the naval forces were consistent to leave and because of the mountain in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay. Manila, show an open city to balk its destruction, was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. near of the 80,000 prisoners of contend captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to lowtake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as umpteen as 10,000 men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died befo re reaching their destination. Quezon and Osmea had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and subsequently left for the United States, where they set up a presidency-in-exile. MacArthur was tell aparted to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.The occupationThe Japanese forces authorities immediately began organizing a cutting government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised license for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they passed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, take cared under the Japanese. Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions which posterior became a major domesticated political issue was motivated by several considerations. Among them was the effort to protect the deal from the harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated), protection of family and personal interests, and a belief that Philippine nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with fellow Asians. M all collaborated to pass in miscellanyation to the Allies. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by President Jos P. Laurel prove to be unpopular.ResistanceJapanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years which in conclusion covered a big portion of the country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the name of the old Constabulary during the Second Republic), Kempeitai, and the Makapili.4Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 batch were in guerrilla organizations and that ingredients of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Such was their doingiveness that by the end of the war, Japan reassureled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. The Philippine guerrilla drift continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them.Throughout Luzon and the southern islands Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the Japanese. The commanders of these groups make contact with one another, argued about who was in charge of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of American forces to the islands. They ga at that placed important learning information and smuggled it out to the American Army, a process that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine operation to support the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander Charles Chick Parsons smuggle guns, radios and supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, reinforced up their stashes of arms and explosives and made plans to assist MacArthurs invasion by sabotaging Japanese communications lines and assail Japanese forces from the rear.Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipela go, ranging from groups of U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia initially organized to combat banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion. Several islands in the Visayas region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as Colonel Macario Peralta in Panay, Major Ismael Ingeniero in Bohol, and Captain Salvador Abcede in Negros. The island of Mindanao, being farthest from the c slip in on of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas that were eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer Colonel Wendell Fertig.One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was know as the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the Peoples Anti-Japanese Army organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party appendage since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and ext terminate their control over portions of Luzon.11 However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered du e to heavy Japanese presence and infighting of the various groups,12 including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units.1314 Lack of equipment, difficult terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942 all contact was lost with Philippine resistance forces.communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed Philippine 61st Division on Panay island led by Colonel Macario Peralta was able to cause radio contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to SWPA command as well as consolidating the once sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to help in the war effort. Among the presage units of Col Peralta were the 61 Signal Company manned by 2LtLudovico Arroyo Baas, which was attached to forces of the 6th host Division, stationed in Passi, Iloilo, under the command of Capt. Elise o Espia and the 64th Signal Company of the same Military Division, under the Command of LtCol. Cesar Hechanova, to which 2Lt. Baas was given the responsibility sometime later.Increasing amounts of supplies and radio were delivered by submarine to aid the guerrilla effort. By the time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were dedicated exclusively to the delivery of supplies to the guerrillas. Other guerrilla units were attached to the SWPA, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some of these units were organized or directly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla motions. An example of this was Troop C, 26th Cavalry. Other guerrilla units were made up of former Philippine Army and Philippine Scouts soldiers who had been released from POW camps by the Japanese.Others were combined units of Americans, armament and civilian, who had never surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and Moros, who had initially formed their own small units. Colonel Wendell Fertig organized such a group on Mindanao that not only effectively resisted the Japanese, but formed a complete government that often operated in the open throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by American submarines who delivered supplies,21 evacuate refugees and injured, as well as inserted individuals and whole units, such as the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and Alamo Scouts. By the end of the war some 277 separate guerrilla units made up of some 260,715 individuals fought in the resistance movement.Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary.End of the occupationWhen General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army late in 1944, he was well supplied with information. It has been said that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what any Japanese lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his hair cut. But the return was not easy. The Japanese Imperial General Staff decided to flummox the Philippines their final line of defense, and to stop the American advance toward Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel into the defense of the Philippines. The Kamikaze corps was created specifically to defend the Philippines. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the biggest naval battle of World War II, and the campaign to re-take the Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War.But intelligence information ga in that locationd by the guerrillas averted a bigger disasterthey revealed the plans of Japanese General Yamashita to entrap MacArthurs army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications. MacArthurs Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944, accompanied byOsmea, who had succeeded to the acres presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944. Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulfon the wes t side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units blush up everywhere for the final offensive.Filipino guerrillas besides played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit came to substitute for a on a regular basis constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of battalion and regimental size supplemented the efforts of the U.S. Army units. Moreover, the loyal and willing Filipino population immeasurably eased the problems of supply, construction,civil governance and furthermore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country. Fighting continued until Japans formal surrender on family 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered great privation of life a nd tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed from all causes of these 131,028 were listed as killed in seventy-two war execration events. U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 weakened Japanese dead were 255,795.A Japanese soldier stand in front of US propaganda, in the Philippines.American period 18981946This obligate covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 and spans the Spanish-American War (after which the United States acquired the Philippines from Spain) and the subsequent PhilippineAmerican War, the Philippines as a U.S. territory, the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during the World War II, and Philippine independency from the U.S. in 1946. (but I will not include the Japanese occupation because I already did in previous topic)*The Katipunan revolution which had begun in 1896 had formally ended with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a truce amongst the Sp anish government and the principal basal leaders which had been sign-language(a) in November 1897. Emilio Aguinaldo, who held the office of President in the revolutionary government, and other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government had agreed to go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong.-Spanish-American War period (1898)-On April 19, 1898, following on a joint congressional resolution, U.S. President William McKinley signed an ultimatum demanding that the government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. This resultant roleed on April 20 in a declaration of war against the United States by Spain, followed on April 25 by a declaration of war by the U.S. against Spain. -On February 25, 1898, following the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, Theodore Roosevelt sent th e following cable to Commodore George Dewey, dominate the U.S. Navys Asiatic Squadron Order the squadron, except the Monocacy, to Hong Kong. Keep full of coal. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive trading trading operations in Philippine Islands. Keep Olympia until further orders. The gunboat USS Monocacy was at the time on assignment to carry the U.S. Minister to China on visits to the open ports on the Yangtze River. On April 24 vocalise was received that the U.S. and Spain were at war, and the squadron was ordered by the British (a non-belligerent) to leave Hong Kong. It starting signal moved 30 miles north to Mirs Bay on the Chinese coast and the departed from there for the Philippines on April 27, reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30.Battle of Manila BayThe first battle of the Spanish-American war took place in the Philippines. On May 1, 1898. In a matter of hours, Commodore Deweys Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarn. The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite and Dewey cabled Washington stating that, although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5000 men to seize Manila itself.U.S. preparation for land operations and resumption of the Philippine revolutionThe completeness of Deweys victory, so early in the war, prompted the administration of President William McKinley to send the troops necessary to capture Manila from the Spanish. The U.S. Army sent substantially more than Dewey asked for, the 10,844 man VIII Corps (PE), under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt. Meanwhile, Dewey dispatched the cutter McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. Public jubilance marked the Aguinaldos return. Several revoluti onaries, as well as Filipino soldiers assiduous by the Spanish army, submitted themselves to Aguinaldos command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite,Paraaque and Las Pias in Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon), and the Camarines provinces, were emancipated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured. The revolution was gaining ground. On May 24, 1898, in Cavite, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and established a dictatorial government with himself as dictator.Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsOn 12 June 1898, at Aguinaldos inherited home in Cavite, Philippine independence was declareed and The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence was read. The act had been prepared and written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanis h, who also read it. The act opens with the following words In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and awfulize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued a decree replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary government, with himself as President. Aguinaldo later claimed that an American naval officer urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies.Aguinaldo said that after checking with Dewey by telegraph, U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore That the United States would at least recognize the Independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy. The Consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the earn and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a mans word of honour. Aguinaldo received nothing in writing. On April 28 Pratt wrote the Secretary of State, explaining he had met Aguinaldo, and stating just what he had done At this interview, after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement, which, though absent from the Philippines, he was still directing, I took it upon myself, whilst explaining that I had no authority to lecture for the Government, to point out the danger of continuing independent action at th is stage and, having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet, then at Hongkong, and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed at that place and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end, should the latter so desire, I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows, through our consul-general at Hongkong There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to coperate, these details being left for next system of rules with Dewey and that Pratt thought that he had prevented possible conflict of action and facilitated the work of occupying and administering the Philippines. and says that a subsequent communication written on July 28, 1898, Pratt made the following statement I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines, that I held out no hopes to him of any kind, committed the gover nment in no way whatever, and, in the course of our confidences, never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with himGeneral Aguinaldofor the furtherance of any plans of his own, nor that, in accepting his said cooperation, it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he might put forward. On June 16 Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine insurgents, and the Secretary wrote the consul on the same day The Department observes that you certified General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States and, in the absence of the fuller report which you promise, it is assumed that you did not attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents. To obtain the unconditional personal assistance of GeneralAguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper, if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not he practicable to gratify. This Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain, and is not acquainted with their purposes. While their competition with that power has been a matter of public notoriety, they take up neither asked nor received from this Government any recognition.The United States, in entering upon the occupation of the islands, as the result of its military operations in that quarter, will do so in the exercise of the rights which the state of war confers, and will expect from the inhabitants, without regard to their former placement toward the Spanish Government, that obedience which will be law fully due from them.If, in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo, you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own, or that, in accepting his co-operation, it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward, your actio n was unauthorized and can not be approved. Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth was that zippo at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States. Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forcesThis and some subsequent sections of this article extensively cite portions of Worcesters 1914 book which rely heavily on insurgent documents documents of Aguinaldos government which, after being captured by U.S. forces, were translated into English from the original Tagalog and Spanish and were compiled and annotated by U.S. Army Captain John R. M. Taylor. In his letter of transmittal for the compilation, Taylor wrote that the docume nts in the compilation These telegrams were found by me while in charge of the division of military information, adjutant-generals office, Division of the Philippines, among a mass of papers captured from the so-called insurgent government. I do not suppose that they are by any means all the telegrams received by Aguinaldo between June, 1898 and March, 1899.They are merely papers which have survived the vicissitudes of warfare and the series must inescapably be incomplete, but they show, to me at least, that Aguinaldo relied much on the opinion and advice of other men that there was serious opposition to his government even in Luzon that it had been fully coiffured to attack the Americans in Manila upon a favorable opportunity, and that in the event of the success of this attack the so-called insurgent government would not have continued even to call itself a republic. A republic does not award titles of nobility. The first contingent of American troops under General doubting Th omas Anderson, arrived on 30 June, the second under General Frank V. Greene on July 17, and the third under General Arthur MacArthur on July 30. General Anderson wrote Aguinaldo requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation General Anderson did not renew the request.In a July 9, 1898 letter, General Anderson assured the Adjutant-General (AG) of the United States Army that Aguinaldo has declared himself Dictator and President, and is trying to take Manila without our assistance., opining that that would not be probable but, if done, would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government. On July 15, 1898, Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. On July 18, General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authoriti es. In a 21 July letter to the Adjunt General, General Anderson wrote the Adjudant General that he had ignored Aguinaldos assumption of civil authority, and had let him know verbally that he could, and would, not recognize it. In another July 21 letter, General Anderson said Since I wrote last, Aguinaldo has put in operation an elaborate system of military government, under his assumed authority as Dictator, and has prohibited any supplies being given us, except by his order.On July 24, Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation. Murat Halstead, appointed historian of the Philippine Expedition writes that General Merritt remarked shortly after his arrival on 25 June, As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival, nor liberty chit his services as a subordinate military leader, and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces, and stated that the powers of the military occupant are absolute and supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants, I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila, especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority, in the event that his pretensions should clash with my designs.U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements. Major J. R. M. Taylor later wrote, after translating and analyzing insurgent documents, The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right. Sastrn has printed a letter from Po del pilar, dated July 30, to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana, in which Pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on August 2 and advised that the Spaniards should not give way, but hold their positions. Pilar added, however, that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled city and surrender Santa Ana to himself, he would hold it with his own men. Aguinaldos information was correct, and on August 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire.Peace protocol between the U.S. and SpainOn August 12, 1898, the New York Times reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington at 423 that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities and defining the terms on which peace negotiations are to be carried on between the two. Due to time zone differences, this was in the very early morning of 13 August in Manila. The text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article 3 read The United States will occupy a nd hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.Capture of ManilaMain article Battle of Manila (1898)On the evening of August 12, on orders of General Merritt, General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the Insurgents under his command from entering Manila. On 13 August, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. Insurgents made an independent attack of their own, as planned, which promptly led to trouble with the Americans. At 8 A.M. Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the apply of the American commander on the south side of the Pasig River. No attention was paid to General Andersons request that the Insurgent troops should not enter Manila without permission. They crowded forward with and after the American forces and found American and Spanish troops confronting each other but not firing. A oarlock of truce was waving from the Spanish, nevertheless the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces, provoking a return fire which killed and wounded American soldiers. General Andersons losings in the taking of the city was nineteen men killed and one hundred and three wounded.General Anderson, sent Aguinaldo a telegram, received by the latter at 635 P.M., as follows Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo. Commanding Filipino Forces.Manila, taken. Serious trouble threatened between our forces. discover and prevent it. Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you._Anderson_, commanding. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of Manila. On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter. General Merrit t received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila city, Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces.The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end. Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied, and as is abundantly shown by their own records were not confining their attacks to Spaniards, but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well, and U.S. commander s pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. Negotiations proceeded slowly and, on August 31, General Elwell Otis (General Merritt being unavailable) wrote, in a long letter to Aguinaldo I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila, including its suburbs and defences, and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Governments demands and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the citys defences before Thursday, the 15th instant, I shall be obliged to utilize to forcible action, and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue.After some further negotiation and exchanges of letters Aguinaldo wrote on kinfolk 16 On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs, In later congr essional testimony in the U.S., Dewey described an arrangement he had made with the Spanish commander for the surrender of Manila That the Spaniards were ready to surrender, but before doing so I must engage one of the far forts. I selected one at Malate, away from the city. They said I must engage that and fire for a while, and then I was to make a signal by the international code, Do you surrender? Then they were to hoist a white flag at a certain bastion and I may say now that I was the first one to discover the white flag. We had 50 people looking for that white flag, but I happened to be the first one who saw it. I fired for a while, and then made the signal according to the programme. We could not see the white flagit was rather a thick daybut finally I discovered it on the south bastion I dont know how long it had been loyal there when I first saw it.U.S. and insurgents clashIn a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25, George Hudson, a me mber of the Utah regiment, was killed, Corporal William Anderson, of the same battery, was mortally wounded, and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded. This provoked general Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying, In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops, I demand your immediate withdrawal with your guard from Cavite. One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people. This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay.Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were rummy at the time. Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to avenge the offenders. In internal insurgent communications, Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified. Aguinaldo modified this, ordering, say that he was not killed by your soldiers, but by them themselves (the Americans) since they were drunk according to your telegram An Insurgent of ficer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August, under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post.Philippine elections, Malolos Congress, Constitutional government Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress. In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the Malolos Constitution was adopted, creating the First Philippine Republic. Negros Revolution and Republic of NegrosNovember 6, 1898 was the day that the Negros Revolution concluded. The Cantonal Republic of Negros was established on November 27, 1898 and ended on April 30, 1901. Spanish-American War ends Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris n ot later than October 1, 1898. President McKinley sent a five man commission, initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon, Guam, and Puerto Rico which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links. In Paris, the commission was besieged with advice, particularly from American generals and European diplomats, to demand the entire Philippine archipelago. The unanimous recommendation was that it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it.On 28 October 1898, McKinley wired the commission that cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds.The cessation must be the whole archipeligo or none.The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required. The Spanish negotiators were wild ov er the immodist demands of a conqueror, but their wounded pride was assauged by an offer of twenty million dollars for Spanish improvements to the islands. The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the agreement of Paris, formally ending the Spanish-American war. In Article III, Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line geographic description elided .The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.46 In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. In 1898, Andrew Carnegie, an industrialist and firebrand magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for tw enty million United States dollars and give it to the Filipinos so that they could be free of United States government. On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington, clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories.

River Pollution

River pollution River befoulment is form of water pollution that refers to the contamination of rivers. River pollution occurs when waste and different other pollutants are discharged into river without being properly treated. River pollution has negative effect on aquatic ecosystems. The negative impact on plants and animals often leads to decline in species, and sometimes even to extinction of entire species (Yangtze River dolphin). River pollution besides leads to decrease in freshwater resources beca persona rivers are among most grievous sources of freshwater in the world.This means that the excessive river pollution could easily lead to global water shortage. Excessive river pollution could also lead to many mobile diseases. Pollution can be in a variety of forms Rubbish like crisp packets, newspaper and bags. Oil,Poisonous substances,Cans, bottles and other solid objects,Human waste / excrement Factories Factories use water from rivers to power machinery or to cool down m achinery. Dirty water containing chemicals is put back in the river. Water used for cooling is warmer than the river itself, and this is also a form of pollution.People People are sometimes careless and throw rubbish such as bottles and crisp packets directly into rivers Agriculture Farmers put fertilizers and pesticides on their crops so that their crops grow better. But these fertilizers and pesticides can be washed through the soil by rain, to end up in rivers. Fertilizers and pesticides are harmful be drift they cause algae to grow. The algae then destroy water plants. Construction site stormwater Silt fence installed on a construction site.Sediment from construction sites is managed by institution of erosion controls, such as mulching and hydroseeding,and sediment controls, such as sediment basins and silt fences. Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete wash drawing is prevented by use ofspill prevention and control plans, and specially designed contain ers (e. g. for concrete washout) and structures such as overflow controls and diversion berms Effects of pollution Pollution kills water plants and animals. Polluted water also carries diseases.When animals drink the water, they may get diseases which can kill them. People can even get these diseases by eating the infected animal. This happens a lot in poor countries in Africa where people get untreated water directly from the river. Rivers look unsightly when there is rubbish in them. Polluted rivers smell bad. Solution In order to tackle river pollution issue people need to show more care for our milieu in general. There also needs to be better and far more frequent monitoring of rivers as well as strict punishments for polluters.The selective information needs to become live, and real-date, as well as being available to general public. The worst affected countries should create funds and start cleaning their rivers because having foul river doesnt only mean huge environmental but also huge economic damage. We must not forget that rivers provide us with many serious services. Improving water quality of our rivers is certainly very important task that needs to be addressed properly on all levels local, regional, national as well as international. Healthy rivers mean healthy environment, and healthy environment means healthy life.

Line Follower Robot

UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM EE2G picture Report THE GREAT EGG RACE 25. 01. 2012 Table of Contents Appendix3 The crowd Contract3 Introduction4 Literature refreshen4 tarradiddle of mobile robots4 The history of the profligate-follo bring forwardg robots5 Ongoing a some advanced objectifys on line-fol patheticing robots or line-following based robots5 Aims6 Objectives6 Requirements6 System rotting7 Group Management Structure9 Name of the zombie9 Mechanical Design10 Technical Options, Critical Review and closing Design Choice10 Option 110 Option 211Review of the Frame12 Review of the Wheels12 Final Design13 Electronic Design14 Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice14 The Control Unit14 The chosen micro restraint and the reasons painting16F64815 Stepper Motors Unit16 The Driver Unit16 package Design18 Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice18 Odd or compensate number of sensors18 The Number of Sensors18 The shape in which the sensors ar put in concert18 The locomote of the V19 How does the program be legislaten? 19 quantify Management plan22 Risk Assessment24Very possible, low cost and manageable risks24 The plans we maintain specifically come up with for the Robot project25 Components tender List26 Conclusion28 References29 Appendix The Group Contract As a group, EGM had one target, to bring life to ICKI. This would not happen only if with cooperation and hard work. By signing this shorten you decl are * EGM will do the tasks they are responsible for by the internal deadline decided. * If EGM had any problems fulfilling any of their responsibili associations they should inform the group look ater in advance. EGM should back up all their group mates in unexpected and hard situations. * EGM should trust their group mates for their capability of doing their own responsibilities however this does not mean that they notifynot produce their opinion and ideas. * As the work break down has been decided when the con fitmate group have been together, EGM is not allowed to complain about the inconsistency in the work division among the members of the group. * In any causal agency when all the group members cannot get to agree on one subject they will have to count votes.If they tie they will have to ask a persons opinion e genuinely group member trusts. (Or they can flip a coin alternatively. ) * If EGM wants to variegate any of the plans, they should discuss it with the rest of the group first. They are not allowed to accept doing something and do it in their own way without a group agreement. * EGM is responsible for care all the group meetings unless they have a convincing reason not doing so. If any of the group members disobeys any of the statements above, the rest of the group has the right to fierceuce their hold back upon agreement.Delaram SharifiZhanar Samayeva Hedieh Ekhlasi Xun Liu Introduction The purpose of this initial report is to survey the created plan spend a penn y in tack to accomplish the disposed(p) Robot Project. This project is given to entire second year and the purpose of the project is to devise and attain an autonomous robot that should follow the dark line track on a lessen backg about. maiden there is an overview on the line accessory robots in literature review , The aims, objectives and requirements will follow the review. Literature ReviewThe line-following robots are classified under the runny Robots. industrious Robots are the robots which do not have a fixed base they can move around and do not physically hold out at one location. These kinds of robots are fairly important as it is stated in this actuate of the article from Wikipedias peregrine robot is stated to a lower place Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and al closely any major university has one or more than labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are a give care found in industry, military and security en vironments.They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum, gardening and some other common household tasks. History of mobile robots The first mobile robots were built during the World contend II with the master(prenominal)(prenominal) purpose of producing flying bombs and radars. The next genesiss would follow a light source, determine if there are any obstacles and plug in themselves when their barrage fire was low and according to the necessarily they would have different functions and made huge improvements in the progress so that they cover a very wide target of features.Line-following robots which are the main subject of this project are classified as Land or Home wheel around robots. It is necessary to be said that the applied science is remote more advanced now that the robots with human like or animal like legs to provide mobility preferably than legs exist. The technology has gone as far as making intelligent hu man-like robot (Androids), with a variety of capabilities such as speaking, voice recognition, face recognition, human like movements, dancing and singing.The purposes behind these projects are coming from a variety of backgrounds as well such as Household robot which can undertakes any of a house holds maids duties and science fiction movie productions. The pioneer countries in Android are Japan, Korea, the US, the UK and Iran. The information above are to show how advance the technology has gone in mobile robots but since the aims set for this project require very much lower level of understanding the mobile robots, this subject will not be discussed further. The history of the line-following robotsThe inclinations of the first line-follower robot in 1960 was basically built for the purpose of getting controlled from earth while it is on the moon using a television camera on it for processing images and video which has been unsuccessful. At 1970 the robot ended up following a hi gh contrast white line under controlled liberation conditions at a speed of about 0. 8 mph which is pretty different to this robot projectsince we have more advanced programming equipment and processors, the robot of ours uses sensors rather than the video cameras to use less process. The main aim is thoroughly different too.The fist line-following robot was followed by more commercial utilise robots for which could do vacuuming and modify the floor. They used sensors to get the objects out of their way which is the method in which this projects robot will determine its track, using sensors. Ongoing a most advanced projects on line-following robots or line-following based robots The most advanced of the line followers according to the Wikipedia, DARPA website, Kiva systems and spec -minder website are DARPA Urban Grand Challenge, with six vehicles autonomously complemental a complex course involving manned vehicles and obstacles. Kiva Systemsclever robots proliferate in distrib ution operations these smart shelving units sort themselves according to the normality of their contents. The Tug becomes a ordinary means for hospitals to move large cabinets of stock from place to place. TheSpeci-Minderwith Motivity begins carrying blood and other patient samples from nurses stations to various labs. Seekur, the first widely available, non-military outdoor utility robot, pulls a 3-ton vehicle across a parking lot, drives autonomously indoors and begins learning how to navigate itself outside. Boston Dynamics released video footage of a new generationBigDogable to walk on icy terrain and recover its balance when kicked from the side. The mentioned robots are very advanced using not only basic reflective fault sensors but also cameras to detect whatever their purpose is. Since this project requires simple solution to make the robot built fast and work fast these could not very much help in the process of building the robot. According to the websites and also reports available on the internet, every university which does computer science or galvanizing engineering has got some kind of robot project and mainly line followers.The specific specifications are moderately different but in all projects the main purpose is practicing an actual project in actually life and knowing how to use simple and quick circuit normal, program and implementation. The MINI Line follower robot for example has the most similar specifications to this project. The robot needs to follow a line powering up by a battery with size limitations. Kerman, Judith B. (1991). Retrofitting wind vane Runner Issues in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner and Philip K. Dicks Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Bowling Green, OH Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5. Perkowitz, Sidney (2004). Digital People From bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7. Shelde, Per (1993). Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters Scien ce and Soul in Science Fiction Films. New York New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1. http//www. stanford. edu/learnest/cart. htm http//www. richardvannoy. info/building-a-line-following-robot. pdf http//ikalogic. com/proj_mini_line_folower. php ttp//online. physics. uiuc. edu/courses/phys405/P405_Projects/Fall2005/Robot_project_jaseung_. pdf http//nereus. mech. ntua. gr/pdf_ps/aim11. pdf Aims * To design and construct an autonomous robot * The robot to be executed on eon * To build the robot with its maximum speed * Build the robot with all the possibilities to win the race Objectives * To come up with the ideas * To work as a squad. Review and shape the skills of teamwork * To get experience of systems engineering * Improve electronic and mechanical practical(a) design skillsRequirements * The robot must follow the line a) The line is 50mm wide b) The line is 10m long c) The line is black on white background d) The line has maximum corners of 900 e) The line is horizo ntal * The robot must move forward * The robot must carry an ball a) The mass of egg is 25gr (approx. ) b) The size of egg is 5cm x 3cm (approx. ) System fallom invest System is an organized, purposeful social organization regarded as a whole and consisting of interrelated and interdependent elements such as components, entities, factors, members, or parts.According to the Robot Project, the robot itself is the system, as it is consists of different subsystems, while the subsystems made of the components. Being more related to the Robot, it can be explained as the Mechanical, Electronic and bundle Designs are the main subsystems, while the elements of each subsystem is defined as the components. The figure below shows the Robot system decomposition for give explanation image 1 - The System Decomposition for the robot Group Management Structure During the meetings the work allocations between group members were discussed.The works as mechanical, electronic, programming, report , DVD film and logbook were landmarkd between each in the group. To give one work division per group member means to put a big responsibility on him, as every part has a big amount of not easy work to be through, and it can cause the difficulty in understanding the job that will lead to uncertainty. So every part has both members to work on it, and every group member has 3 jobs to be done by the end of the project and the work allocations are as followings * Team Leader Delaram Sharifi * Mechanical Zhanar Hedieh Electronic Xun Delaram * Programming Delaram Hedieh * Reports Zhanar Hedieh * DVD Film Xun Zhanar * Logbook Delaram Xun Name of the Robot The first thing was done by group is creating the name for the future robot. This process made the group to be more opened, close-knit, and creative, as well as the process helped to improve the team working. A lot of options we considered, but the main aim of giving the name was to create something that can reflect all of the gro up members in one name. So the final choice made by the group is the name ICKI.It stands by the countries of the each group member which are Iran, China, Kazakhstan, and Iran again. Mechanical Design Mechanical design for the robot presents many challenges and its main idea is to make it simple and affordable. The mechanical design of autonomous robot is including * Robots Wheels. They are one of the most important assemblies of the mechanical platform. * Robots Frame. This frame is mechanical platform of robot and due to the frame all the parts are hold together * Motors. To control the speed and direction of the robot. * Sensors. To detect the direction.Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice During one of the meetings there are two options of mechanical design were discussed. Two group members responsible for the design presented their ideas to the group with all the aspects, advantages and disadvantages. The option as followings Option 1 The first option was presented as the robot with the round shape. Then the robot would have 2 wheels by the left and right sides, 2 motors, line with 5 sensors in the front and the frame of HDPE ( heights Density Poly Ethylene), i. e. plastic. Figure 2-Round Shape Option 2The second option is to make more traditional, the rectangular one. The rectangular robot with the frame and base of Aluminum or HDPE, with 2 wheels on the sides and with the V shape line sensors and the skid on the front. The skid will help to control the balance. Figure 3-Rectangular Shape later on presenting the options of the mechanical design for the robot some advantages and disadvantages were written for each of the option that helped the group to choose the right one. During the discussion of the design, three things were considered capacity, light weight and low to the ground.As long as two motors are used for the construction of the robot and each motor can take one wheel, the neediness in wheels is just for two. So two whee ls connected to the motors at the back of the robot is enough to control the rout and the skid connected to the sensor board in the front can help the autonomous robot control the balance. The robots size is to be about 12cm to 14 cm and 4 cm is for the wheels. Review of the Frame The frame is the basic structure to which everything should be attached and Aluminum and HDPE were considered as the frame.First of all, Aluminum is strong, light, and easy to cut and drill while HDPE is the aforementioned(prenominal) light, strong, easy to shape and cut but also the cheap one. In comparison, HDPE has a very low thermal conductivity, and a higher strength to weight ratio than Aluminum. Review of the Wheels All the group members hold that the large diameter wheels give the robot low torque but high velocity and if the motors strong enough then the wheels with larger diameter better to use. The speed of the robot depends on the size of the wheels and it is sound to have them between 1cm a nd 2 cm.Here are some advantages and disadvantages of the first and second options that were made during the discussions on the meetings First OptionThe Round Shape Second OptionThe Rectangular Shape Advantages * Beautiful, unusual design * HDPE frame * HDPE frame * The front skid * V shape line sensors * reduce Disadvantages * Distance between wheels and sensors is not enough to make bendings right after the sensor is detected * Not enough of space for circuit board, 2 motors and sensors, that makes the design not compact * Usual Design Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages for the design optionsFinal Design victorious into account all the reviews made and the table of advantages and disadvantages the decision was made is to choose the second option of the mechanical design, and to change some nuances as to use HDPE for the frame together with the V shape line sensors (also see Software Design) and get a spoon in the middle between the wheels that is the best position to kee p the balance for an egg. So the final result would look like Figure 4-Final Design Electronic Design The circle is consisted of 5 units. Sensors are acting as the input. The control unit controls every component in the circuit.The device driver provides enough power for the stepper motor to move the robot. The Power supply powers up the whole circuit. Sensors Control Unit Driver Stepper Motors Power bring Figure 5-Block Diagram Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice The Control Unit AVR/PIC/8051 8051 an old but very popular controller. The older 8051s are kind of slow 12 clocks per instruction. Newer 8051s have 6 clocks per instruction up to 1 clock per instruction. The selection of low pin count devices is a bit limited. Most 8051s have an external warehousing bus that makes it easy to add memory and peripherals.CISC has free C compiler. PIC Slightly less old than the 8051. PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive order of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. AVR The newest architecture by about 20 years. intentional for a pipeline, so has a very good clocks/instruction. Good range of devices scurvy and cheap with fairly high performance. It is very C gracious because of the RISC. ComparisonSelections AVR=PIC8051 Price AVR=8051PIC For beginners 8051PICAVR C language AVR=PIC8051 Anti-interference AVR=PIC8051 Final Choice We have used PIC in a few experiments, so we are familiar with it. Moreover, in university we just have equipment for program the PIC, so we decided to use the PIC. The chosen microcontroller and the reasons PIC16F648 The PIC16F84 was chosen for its small size, easy reprogram ability and interrupts it is clocked at 4 MHZ by a ceramic resonator and it can be even powered by 4 AA rechargeable batteries (Very low cons umption).These same batteries power the motors. This is usually not recommended since surges in motor current can affect the processors operation, but with decoupling caps in place and the watchdog timer being used in the software no problems were experienced. The watchdog could reset the processor if it went stupid before you could ever see it act up. After all, we considered the number of inputs and outputs. The inputs are number of sensors we have which is 7, and outputs are motors. So PIC16F648 which we have used several times has enough bit (8-bit PORTA, 8-bit PORTB). Stepper Motors Unit servomechanism motor/Stepper motor Servo motor A servomotor (servo) is an electromechanical device in which an electrical input determines the position of the armature of a motor. Servos are used extensively in robotics and radio-controlled cars, airplanes, and boats. Stepper motor A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large nu mber of steps. The motors position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. ComparisonBoth types of motors offer similar opportunities for precise positioning, but they differ in a number of ways. Servomotors require analogue feedback control systems of some type. Typically, this involves a potentiometer to provide feedback about the rotor position, and some mix of circuitry to drive a current through the motor inversely proportional to the difference between the desired position and the current position Final Choice Servo motor needs complex analogue feedback circuits. And we have used stepper motor before. However stepper motor will be given to us, so we chose stepper motor. The Driver UnitL298&L297/L293D A motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. 1 A motor controller big business man include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or alteration the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults. Three ways to drive a stepper motor Use a transistor to drive each coil. But It was a piffling awkward to wire up the circuit board space. Also, it requires 4 pins on the PIC to drive the motor.Use a driver array packaged in an IC. Dont lug to wire in the protection diodes (i. e. SAA1027, L298, L293D) Use a specialized stepper motor driver chip. It would save on board space, and pin usage. As the charge of stepper motor drive chip is very expensive and 4 transistors to drive each coil may make the board a mass. So we choose stepper motor driver IC. L298 has current capacity of 2A compared to 0. 6 A of a L293D. L293Ds package is not suitable for attaching a good heat sink practically you cant use it above 16V without frying it. L298 on the other han d works happily at 16V without a heat sink, so we choose L298.And in the datasheet we find out that its better to combine L298 with L297. * It needs to be considered that regarding to the temperature power supply is going to add to the circuit a heat sink needs to be included in the board otherwise it would melt. Software Design Technical Options, Critical Review and Final Design Choice The software to be used in order to program the pic CCS C Compiler, as it is the well-known software for the group. This software was used to do experiment laboratories for EE2A course and to use CCS C Compiler to program the robot will be more than adequate and helpful.Odd or even number of sensors Both odd and even numbers are possible to use, the group has chosen the odd to increase the accuracy and make the code more understandable and clear. As it will be explained how the program works, it will be clear how they both can be used. The Number of Sensors * 3 The program would work, but not accurat e enough. All turns, no matter large or small will be reacted the same. * 7 Again, the program will work, but needs far too much extra effort, increases the time of processing the data and makes the code very complicated. 5 Is a perfectly fine number, will give the opportunity to detect the turns in two different stages so that the robot can make the turns soon enough and with more accuracy. The shape in which the sensors are put together * An upside down V Where the middle sensor is in the front, followed by two sensors, wider from each other in the back and followed by another two sensors, wider at the very back. This will not work because the turn is detected by the wider sensors later than the right time for to move to be taken from the robot. This method may be accurate but would not help the robot being fast. line Where all the sensors are at the same level. This method is better than the latter but still will not make the robot to detect the larger turns sooner in order to ma ke the reaction at the right time. * V The middle sensor is at the very back corner, two sensors with a wider distance comes next and the last two, again wider at the front. This method makes the robot understand the large angles sooner with the outer sensors, so that the robot will start turning sooner than the smaller angles which are detected by the middle sensors. The angle of the VThe angle should not be too small, because the robot will start the turns too early, and it should not be very wide because then it would not make any difference from the flat shape. This is to be experienced during the testing process but the decided angle at this time is 120 degrees. How does the program work? As it has been explained before, there are 5 sensors to be used in the robot. The recognition of the turns has been explained in 4 figures below. The special K circles represent the sensors which have detected the black line and the red circles represent the sensors which have detected the wh ite surface.The green circle is the logic 1 and the red is the logic 0. Normal positions of the sensors In this situation, when only the middle sensor detects the black line, the robot moves straight forward without any turns. The logic is 00100 2. 5 cm Figure 4- The normal position of the sensors More than 50? turns including the 90? When the turn is more than 50 degrees, the outer sensor feels the turn sooner than the middle sensor, so that the robot will start turning earlier, or if decided faster as well. The logic is 00101. Figure 5-The more than 50? turns.It also needs to be said that if the large turns are happening for a very bitty while (for less than 4. 5 cm), the middle sensor will sense the turn first so that the robot would not change the direction to fast and get out of control. Less than 50? turn When the turn is more than 50? , the middle sensor feels the turn first, so that the robot starts turning at a reasonable time to manage the turn. The logic is 00110 Figure 6-The less than 50? turns Approximately 50 degrees turns At this situation, both middle and outer sensor feel the turn at the same time.The logic is 00111. Figure 7- ? 50 ? Time Management plan Due to EE2G1 module, students have learnt how to manage their time in given projects using the graphs, charts and tables. Here is the Gantt chart that consists of two tables. The first one helps to lose it what tasks has to be done, when it has to be started and what amount of time is given and also gives the information about each task, if it is sequential or parallel. Task Earliest Start (week) distance (week) Type Dependent on A. High Level analysis workweek 0 1 week Sequential B.Selection of Mechanical Design and Components week 1 1 week Sequential A C. Detailed Analysis of Electronics for Robot Week 1 1 week Sequential A D. Mechanical Design Week 2 2 weeks Sequential B E. turn Design Week 2 2 weeks Sequential C F. Build Mechanics Week 4 2 weeks Sequential D G. Build Circuit Week 4 1 weeks Sequential E H. Construction Week 6 1 week Sequential F, G I. Programming Week 3 3-4 weeks Parallel D, E, F, G, H, J. Testing Week 7 4 weeks Sequential H, I K. Demonstration Week 11 - Sequential JTable 1 Gantt Table Summarizing the first table, information should be transferred to the chart. The chart helps visualize all the given tasks and the time given to accomplish them. Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (1) A. High Level Analysis (1) B. Selection Of Mechanical Design and Components (1) C. Detailed Analysis of Electronics for Robot (2) D.Mechanical Design (2) E. Circuit Design (2) F. Build Mechanics (1) G. Build Circuit (1) H.Construction (3-4) I. Programming (4-5) J. Testing DEMONSTRATION Chart 1 Gantt Chart Risk Assessment As everything else, this project has its own risks and possibility of inconveniences. We cannot stop the problems from happening, but we can consider the ways we would manage if they have happened.There are different types of problems which may occur, some with large possibility but manageable damage, some with very little possibility but disastrous damages. The group has come with some ideas about these risks and how to manage them which are as follows Very possible, low cost and manageable risks sunburn the electrical components such as the PIC or the power sources 1. Keeping good care of the more expensive components, putting them in a position which brings the possibility of the damage to the least possible. 2.Having alternatives for each component, more for the cheap and more burnable ones, less for the more expensive and least burnable ones. Losing the documents, programs or components 1. Taking good care of where the materials are saved or put, possibly write the places down or share with other group mates in case for memory loss. 2. Having a photo of each page of the written documents, copies of the electronic stuff on different places, and having a list for the components we have to pack every time. The A pla ns failure 1. Having a plan Bs and Plan Cs for all the Plan As. . Plan Bs can be for a change in the A plan, but plan Cs are completely different methods in case the whole plan has been a whole of a lot of rubbish. 3. Having the responsible person ready for the plans when the failure comes so that the change can be quick and easy. Running out of time 1. Having someone responsible for the plans to go as it has been decided in the time care plan, taking care of even slight late results to prevent the sum of smalls becoming a huge delay. 2. Stopping panic attacks or they will cause more delay. 3.Keeping everything simple and tidy in order to make the trouble shooting faster and easier. The plans we have specifically come up with for the Robot project 1. Taking good care of the PIC, having alternatives for all the components. 2. Saving the programs on memory sticks, computer and email. 3. Keeping pictures of the critical pages of the log book. 4. Having an alternative way of programmi ng for the line detecting bits. 5. Having some options for the components available in case the robot doesnt work out with them. 6. Having a map of the circuit with all the explanations about wiring and connections. . Keeping the actual circuit nice and tidy, the wires low and the colors right. Components call List According to the design decisions, the list of components needed for the project can be made. There are some basic components required in order to accomplish the mechanical, electrical and software design of the robot, such as * HDPE for the frame and chassis * 2 wheels * 1 skid * 2 DC stepper motors * Sensors * Circuit board * Capacitors, resistors, Diodes, Transistors (referring to the main components) * Microcontroller * LEDs Every group is provided with 40 ? n order to buy the components needed. The table below shows the approximate price estimations Wheels ? 2-3 PIC16F648 (2) ? 4 Sensors (5) ? 5 HDPE plastic ? 10 LEDs ? 5 Screw Box ? 2 Resistors ? 2 Capacitors ? 2 S kid ? 2-3 Heat Sink ? 3 Conclusion This project is not only for making line follower race robot but it is also a great and realistic practice for group work and project focussing. This is a hard challenge and is only possible to manage with co-operation, hard work, motivation and enthusiasm. Each individual member learns how to have sex with different opinions and ideas.They learn to be tolerant and do not let anything personal get involved in the work since this may ruin the hail-fellow environment among the group members. By doing this project a lot of skills will be developed such as * Group work * Time management and working by deadlines * Work break down in equal amount among group members * Decision making * Risk management * Budget management * Working with time limit and in stressful conditions * Starting a project from scratch, developing ideas and making improvements * Undertaking risks and responsibilities * Keeping good and reliable funding Keeping motivation and enc ouragement among the group live or dead By the end of this project we will have done a complete project management plan and implementation. We will know how to face troubles and problems and hopefully this is going to be a great memory of how we learnt to manage a real project in practice. References Online Documents * BASIC ROBOT MECHANICS TUTORIALS, (2005-1012). Society of Robots. Retrieved from http//www. societyofrobots. com/mechanicsbasics. shtml * Priyank Patil department of Information Technology S. W. Nawawi, M. N. Ahmad, J. H.S Osman (2008). Real-Time Control of a Two Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Mobile Robot * http//forum. pololu. com/ * * Ooi, Rich Chi (2003). Balancing a Two-Wheeled Autonomous Robot. University of Western Australia. Thesis B. Mechatronics Engineering. * Ong, Yin Chee Abidin, M. S. B (2006). Design and Development of Two Wheeled Autonomous Balancing Robot, Center for Artificial Intell. Robotic (CAIRO), University Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 4th Stude nt Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2006), Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 27-28 June, 2006. Vivien Coelho Stanley Liew Karl Stol Guangyu Liu (2008). Development of a Mobile Two-Wheel Balancing Platform for Autonomous Applications. Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland. 15th International conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP08), 2-4 Dec 2008, Auckland, New-Zealand. * Jose Miranda (2009), Application of Kalman Filtering and PID Control for Direct Inverted Pendulum Control. Master Thesis, California State University, Chico Spring 2009. * R. Hollis, BallBots, Scientific American, October 2006.Retrieved February 4, 2009. Available at the World dewy-eyed Web http//www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=ballbots * Pakdaman, M. Sanaatiyan, M. M. (2009), Design and Implementation of Line Follower Robot, Computer and Electrical Engineering, 2009. ICCEE 09. Second International Conference on , vol. 2, no. , pp. 585-590, 28-30 Dec . 2009 * Priyank Patil (2010), AVR Line Following Robot, Department of Information Technology K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering Mumbai, India. Retrieved Mar 5, 2010. Available at http//www. kmitl. ac. th/kswichit/ROBOT/Follower. pdf * Swope Design.Inc. , Balancing Robots Made Easy, Available at http// www. Balbots. com, 2004. * Miller tool (2008), Building a Two Wheeled Balancing Robot, University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying. Retrieved Nov 18, 2009. Available at http//eprints. usq. edu. au/6168/ 2 . Each Group Member 3 . Statements can be added to this contract upon the entire groups agreement 4 . Mobile Robot, Wikipedia website http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mobile_robot 5 . http//ikalogic. com/proj_mini_line_folower. php